Hispanic in united states Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hispanic in US - Research Paper Example C. Nelson and Marta Tienda noted, â€Å"Hispanic as a name joins colonized locals and their posterity, outsiders and political evacuees under one ethnic umbrella, however soundness of this mark is flawed on hypothetical and authentic grounds† ( Oboler, 1995). It is obvious that a few specialists have brought up the political expense of the discussion while different analysts have distinguished its segment meanings of statistics definitions since 1930s. The name â€Å"Hispanic† shows up from time of appearance, language, race and minority status (Oboler, 1995). Understanding the equivocalness of the term, Joan Moore and Harry Pachon raised alluded to the idea as â€Å"racial minority or essentially another transcendently Catholic ethnic gathering like the Italians for example† (Oboler, 1995). As per Pastora San Juan Cafferty and William McCready, â€Å"policies are made for Hispanics which help a few and ham others in light of the fact that there are in one sense no conventional Hispanics† ( Oboler, 1995). Transformation in the worldwide economy and its blast in US work showcase have opened another worldview for migrants from Latin America. They manage a fall of businesses like garments making, giving undeveloped, confirmation level employments to as of late showed up populaces in United States (Oboler, 1995). As per the aftereffects of Census 2000 there is an astounding increment in the Hispanic populace structure 1990 and has expanded from 22 million to 35.2 million. The all out Hispanic populace is sorted into two gatherings: A. local Hispanics-those conceived in US who have Hispanic legacy and B. remote conceived Hispanics they either have or don't have US citizenship. It is assessed that both these classifications added to the expansion in Hispanic populace, yet the remote brought into the world Hispanic populace experienced astonishing development in their populace attributable to the improved migration (Grieco,

Project Management Essay Example

Undertaking Management Essay Examination of a movement you accept would be Improved by overseeing as a task; Appraisal of a current work venture you are as of now Involved with; or Appraisal of an effectively you were Involved with In the past that you accept could have been overseen as an undertaking. Task report The task report ought to include: an) A concise portrayal of the hierarchical setting and the task condition to guarantee the task inspector comprehends the setting wherein the undertaking is set. b) A framework of the goals of the undertaking and the significance of the task to the association. We will compose a custom article test on Project Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Project Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Project Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer c) A point by point outline and investigation of the utilization of applicable ideas, apparatuses and strategies engaged with venture the executives. This segment ought to include the fundamental piece of your task and should comprise of an outline and examination of the applicable undertaking ideas canvassed in the subject. At the very least, there ought to be a notice of in any event the accompanying ideas: How the venture ought to be characterized How venture times and expenses are evaluated A conversation of the task plan The administration of task hazard Asset booking Venture group issues Venture execution the executives Note that albeit these ideas ought to be referenced, some of them might be more significant for your specific task than others. In these occasions, you should don't hesitate to concentrate your investigation all the more intensely on the more significant issues as they sway your undertaking. Word check (from the beginning of the Introduction segment as far as possible of the Conclusion area and not Including figures/outlines): 2,745 words The reason for this paper is to introduce an undertaking proposition for another task which was as of late assigned to the venture supervisory crew at the Fussily Medical Systems Company, Sydney, Australia. The explanation behind the undertaking results from the success of a delicate for a multi year film/print contract between Fussily Medical and the I-Med Network and is worth $million. This involves the establishment of 220 Laser Digital X-Ray Film printers in 147 locales across Australia from Darwin to Hobart and numerous urban communities and towns in the middle. In building up the undertaking proposition, this paper will exhibit what the venture means to achieve, how the task will approach achieving its destinations and if without a doubt it is with regards to the key vision of the organization and subsequently that it is so essential to the organization. In proposing what work must be done, which is the plan of the proposition, this paper will introduce a nitty gritty review and examination of the utilization of pertinent ideas, devices and strategies engaged with venture the executives. As a rule, in light of the proposition, higher administration will settle on a choice on whether to continue with the task. When the choice is made and the mandate given to continue with the venture, the task plan is created, refined and executed. While the venture plan isn't, undoubtedly, a significant piece of the brief for this paper a portion of these viewpoints will be examined for fulfillment. List of chapters 1. Presentation 2. The Companies and Project Environment Medical Systems 6 2. 1 Fussily 6 2. 2 The I-Med Network 6 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project 7 3. The Project Overview and Analysis Cycle 9 3. 2 The Project Life 83. 1 Defining the Project 3. 2. 1 The objectives and details of the undertaking assignments and obligations of the venture 9 3. 2. 2 10 3. 3 Planning the 11 3. 3. Asset The Project 3. 3. 1 Schedules Scheduling 11 14 3. 3. The Management of Project Risk 3. 3. 5 Project Team Issues Project Performance Management 4. End Glossary References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 13 3. 3. 3 Estimation of Costs 15 3. 3. 6 16 17 18 19 20 Whilst venture the executives was before the space of the structure business, the strategies utilized there are currently additionally used in new item improvement, occasion the board, bigger PC equipment and programming establishments, significant gear establishments and, in any hierarchical occasion that is sufficiently large to have an extensive number of requests and factors. Tasks have a predetermined target o accomplish, a beginning and end point, frequently require the uniting of different pros inside the association who might regularly be working exclusively, are not business as usual work of the association lastly, spending plan, time and execution limitations are necessary. Consequently extends are explicit substances which require specific administration as an undertaking chief and their group. The initial segment of the procedure or life pattern of a task is the proposition stage where the undertaking is characterized and arranged. This paper will focus on these parts of task the board. A point by point diagram and examination of the undertaking will result in order to show what is required to unite a task to a fruitful end. 2 The Companies and Project Environment 2. 1 Fussily Medical Systems A pioneer in imaging, Fussily Medical Systems (FM) was the principal organization on the planet to present an advanced x-beam demonstrative framework in 1983. Other than x-beam imaging hardware, FM additionally delivers and markets endoscopies, ultrasound and clinical IT (PASS and IRIS) arrangements. FM is an auxiliary organization of Fussily Holding Company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In Australia, the administrative center is in Brooklet, Sydney. 2 The I-Med Network The I-Med Network or I-Med Radiology Network is an exclusive organization and the biggest clinical imaging system in Australia with 200 centers covering all significant metropolitan territories and noteworthy pieces of country and provincial Australia. The gathering offers all outputs and radiology administrations including X-beam, PET, CT, MR.., Nuclear Medicine, Ultrasound, Mammography and International Procedures. 2. 3 The Project Environment, Objectives and Importance of the Project Fussily Medical has been fruitful in the offered off delicate for the gracefully of 220 X-beam computerized laser film printers. The printers will be provided and introduced into 147 locales across Australia at no expense however the I-Med Network needs to buy ten million dollars estimation of film at a pre-set cost for the term of a multi year contract. The marketing projections will be checked volume, the I-Med Network should take care of back a punishment charge for each meter of film that has not met the objective. This safeguard guarantees that Fussily Medical Systems doesn't lose income and at last benefit on this arrangement. The principal matter, basically, that is a piece of the venture to be attempted is the readiness by the FM organization specialists f the I-Med Equipment, Consumables and Support Agreement (the understanding). The understanding diagrams all the legitimate prerequisites and desires for the undertaking between the gatherings, including the upkeep, breakdown and specialized help and administration level advertised. The conclusion of the understanding is a basic advance and until this is marked and settled by the two gatherings nothing else will continue. There were two other significant organizations offering in this delicate specifically Gaff Healthcare and Kodak. This arrangement and thusly the task is essential to Fussily Medical for the accompanying reasons: 1 . It will shield contenders from going into film/print manages the I-Med arrange for in any event the four years of the agreement; 2. Toward the finish of the agreement, the l-Med system may decide to proceed with its relationship with Fussily and re-contract with new gear for another term; 3. It offers FM the upside of being available and having first search in for esteem included deals for other gear like Computed or Digital Radiography picture processors or PASS and IRIS (see Glossary); 4. The estimation of the arrangement is roughly 10% of the all out income for FM during the agreement time frame, thus it is an arrangement that can't be excused. Further, as expressed by Larson and Gray (2011 p. 23) [s]treated is actualized through ventures. Each venture ought to have a reasonable connect to the associations system. Undoubtedly, this venture positively fits in with Fistfuls Medicals statement of purpose, which is: To be the perceived pioneer in giving coordinated answers for meet every client imaging and data needs. Fussily USA site, 2013) 3 The Project Overview and Analysis The Project Management Institute (IMP refered to in Larson and Gray 2011, p. 5) characterizes a venture subsequently: A task is an impermanent endeavourer embraced to make an extraordinary lessen, administration or result. Sheehan (2008) discloses to us that ventures are turning out to be increasingly more essential to associations and without a doubt tasks, the continuous exercises in an organization, for example, assembling and administrations, while fundamental, are on the decay. Larson and Gray (2011 p. ) plainly express the significant attributes off task as follows: 1 . A set up objective; 2. A characterized life range with a start and an end; 3. For the most part, the contribution of a few divisions and experts; 4. Commonly, accomplishing something that has never been done; and 5. Explicit time, cost, and reference necessities. The venture to be attempted by Fussily Medical Systems for the I-Med Network surely includes all the above attributes. The goal has been venture is relied upon to start on April 1, 2014 and finished by September 30, 2014. This is a period obliged venture. The task will include the legitimate, money and acquisition divisions, account chiefs, specialized administrations designers and circuit testers, IT pros, warehousing and coordinations and the undertaking manager(s). A task of the scale introduced here has never been att

Dyslexia at MIT

Dyslexia at MIT This is my final paper for Science Journalism, a science writing class I took last semester. Reading the literature and interviewing people for this paper taught me a lot about a subject that is central in many people’s lives but about which I knew almost nothing when I started, and maybe even more about myself as a writer and a person. I thought you might enjoy it, for a glimpse of a hot field as well as a bit of the research, diversity, and student support services at MIT.       Y is a third-year undergraduate student at MIT, a math major and one of only five current MIT undergraduate students from the United Kingdom. To have gotten to MIT she had to face not only the 3.7% international admit rate, but also dyslexia, a learning disorder that prevents her from reading and writing as quickly and effectively as most of her peers. A short paragraph can take Y half an hour to type. She says that the words that come out on paper or on the screen do not match up with what she envisions in her mind. It takes her more time to read and write than other students, and she has to spend extra time on problem sets and essays. Like many successful people with dyslexia, Y sees her difficulty reading and writing as something to conquer. She has taken on a concentration in writing, which requires her to take extra writing classes in her time at MIT, and she volunteers for leadership positions in her dorm that involve regularly emailing the entire building. After graduating she hopes to return to the United Kingdom for graduate school. The ability to read has long been linked in society’s mind to intelligence, but dyslexia is surprisingly common at MIT, to such an extent that the founder of the MIT Media Lab and the One Laptop per Child Association, Nicholas Negroponte (a dyslexic himself), called it the MIT disease in his autobiography. Recent research has found that dyslexia is not related to IQ. It is, however, the most common learning disability, at MIT and elsewhere, affecting between 5% and 20% of the population. The latest research is finding dyslexia’s roots in unexpected places, with unexpected consequences, disproving common misconceptions about dyslexia and learning disorders in general. We are beginning to find that dyslexia is not a disorder but a different way of experiencing and understanding the world around us, created by a different wiring and development of the brain with benefits as significant as its downsides. Dyslexia Research A popular misconception is that people with dyslexia rotate, switch, and mirror letters as they read and write, but while many people with dyslexia do indeed confuse the direction and sequence of letters, dyslexia stems from difficulty processing the auditory, not visual, information of language. It is currently believed that dyslexia is caused by difficulty connecting letters to their associated sounds, and that these phonological difficulties stem from structural differences in the brain. Y, for example, connects sounds to colors, rather than symbols. Imagining a sound brings to mind not the letter, but a color. Each sound has its own color: the calming light blue she painted her dorm room is the long e. Tyler Perrachione, a dyslexia researcher at MIT, explains that all children flip and switch letters as they first learn to read, and that the difficulty is not specific to people with dyslexia. “In life, you want to be insensitive to the orientation of objects,” he says. “Orthography is set apart from other visual stimuli. They [children] have to learn that letters are special.” In languages where symbols represent concepts rather than sounds, such as Chinese, a larger number of dyslexics do suffer from a visual deficit. But even in China, says Perrachione, visual deficits are always present in combination with a phonological deficit, never in isolation. Tyler Perrachione became interested in speech-sound learning as an undergraduate student, and is now studying dyslexia as a Ph.D. candidate at the Gabrieli lab at MIT. He describes studying language as “learning about what makes us human, and what makes our brains unique: moving ideas from my head to your head. I was hooked. Language was cool.” Perrachione’s most recent publication focuses on how people with dyslexia process auditory language. He explains that while speakers of a language may use the same words, pronunciation of those words is unique to the individual. We use these nuances in pronunciation to distinguish between voices. Perrachione found that people with dyslexia have trouble with voice recognition in their native language. Previous studies have found that people with dyslexia have difficulty following a single voice in a crowd, such as the voice of a professor in a noisy lecture hall. As babies we are sensitive to all variability in speech sounds, explains Perrachione. As we grow up we lose sensitivity to those nuances that are not in our native language. “The brain is so good at handling all the variability that there is in speech,” he says, “but it comes with a cost. Being very good at mapping sounds to the representations that you do have comes with the cost of not being able to perceive sounds in other languages.” We don’t consciously notice the variability in language, but the brain does not ignore it, says Perrachione. “The brain can keep track of who is saying what, and how they sound is the cue to who they are.” Knowing a language gives us a standard against which to compare what we hear, he says: “Being able to say people sound different requires having some sort of comparison.” People with dyslexia do not have this comparison: “The variability is not informative, because you don’t have a standard to compare it to.” In Perrachione’s experiment, normal readers had improved voice recognition abilities in their native languages. People with dyslexia, on the other hand, had no more accuracy than in foreign languages, where the nuances in sound were unfamiliar. “When you take language out of the equation they’re just as good. When you put language back in, they’re no better.” The differences between how people with dyslexia and normal readers process language are evident in the anatomy of the brain. In both cases, the left hemisphere of the brain contains centers for speech, reading, and language processing. The connective fiber attaching the hearing centers in the temporal lobe with the parietal lobe becomes denser as a person’s ability to hear and identify small units of soundâ€"as well as the ability to readâ€"improves. This area of the brain, located toward the back of the head, is responsible for decoding letters and written words into their corresponding sounds; anatomical studies have found that dyslexics have decreased nerve cell matter and often decreased connective fiber in this area compared to normal readers. The right hemisphere of the brainâ€"specifically, the right prefrontal cortex, which is located at the front of the headâ€"produces visual images. Individuals without dyslexia suppress the visual areas of the right hemisphere while reading, as originally hypothesized in 1925 and confirmed in 2003 by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center. Normal readers use the right prefrontal cortex less and less as they learn to read fluently and shift from reading by memorizing words to reading by translating letters into sounds. Perrachione’s advisor John Gabrieli at MIT and Fumiko Hoeft of the Stanford University School of Medicine have found that the quarter to half of dyslexic children who learn to compensate for their dyslexia read by memorizing words through visual memory, increasing the activity and development of the right prefrontal cortex. In normal readers, the left side of the brain is often larger than the right. In dyslexic readers the two hemispheres are usually of e qual size, or the right hemisphere is larger. Manuel Casanova at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, has found that dyslexics also tend to have less tightly packed neurons that make more far-reaching connections. Casanova found that neurons vary from tightly packed, encouraging connections with nearby neurons, to more spread out, providing space for more distant connections. At the former extreme, neurons make more of their connections with nearby neurons and can process information very quickly. The resulting person is often highly specialized and detail-oriented, and can be autistic. At the other extreme, neurons make more of their connections with distant parts of the brain, supporting complex comparisons and mental simulations. This end of the spectrum has high incidence of dyslexia. Perrachione warns, however, that studies linking differences in the anatomy of the brain to differences in behavior are rarely replicated and often don’t stand up to scientific scrutiny, and should therefore be viewed with some amount of skepticism. “Excluding injury in adult life,” he says, “very big changes in behavior are almost never explained by big changes in brain architecture.” Living with Dyslexia There is hope for treating dyslexia at an early age. In 2008, Nadine Gaab at the Children’s Hospital Boston found that rapid sound shifts in spoken language generated activity in areas of the brain associated with sound recognition in normal 10-year-olds, but elicited no activity from children with dyslexia. After two months of exercising these areas of the brain, however, the dyslexic children were able to match the normal children in listening comprehension, and also had improved reading comprehension. Dyslexia often goes undiagnosed until college or graduate school, when the length and difficulty of assigned readings make it difficult to compensate with sheer intelligence. If diagnosed as an undergraduate, an MIT student would be referred to student support services, to disability services, and then to a neuropsychologist for testing. MIT has services in place to help students with dyslexia, including exams and textbooks on tape, readers, scribes, a computer lab with voice recognition and scan-and-read software, and the option to take exams in a reduced distraction setting or with extended time. Dr. Xiaolu His, a psychologist at MIT Mental Health and Counseling, says that many people with dyslexia find life much easier after entering the workforce, where tasks become less time-sensitive and being able to read and write quickly becomes less important. Instead, creativity and flexible thinking become vital, and people with dyslexia who are able to get so far often excel. She encourages students with dyslexia to get the help they need. “Once the problem is identified, you will find your solution,” says His. “It does not have to cripple you for life.” Benefits of Dyslexia “Everything that happens has a silver lining,” says Perrachione. Dyslexia’s is often a predisposition for creativity and big-picture thinking. “Their ways of thinking can be extremely useful,” says His of her dyslexic patients. “Some of them are just among the most creative, exciting innovating people Ive ever met.” Many people with dyslexia go into comedy, says Perrachione, citing Jay Leno and writers for the Saturday Night Live comedy show. A recent study also found that astronomers with dyslexia are better at identifying black holes: people with dyslexia have enhanced peripheral vision, improved pattern recognition abilities, and, says Perrachione, more creativity and flexibility in their thinking. According to Brook and Fernette Eide, authors of The Dyslexic Advantage, the cognitive flexibility associated with dyslexia can manifest itself in noteworthy talents. “Dyslexic brains are organized in a way that maximizes strength in making big picture connections at the expense of weaknesses in processing fine details,” says Fernette Eide. These talents include improved spatial reasoning, enhanced ability to view events from multiple perspectives and draw analogies, and a tendency to remember facts as experiences and stories rather than as abstractions. Individuals with dyslexia often excel in careers that involve telling and understanding stories, making predictions or decisions using incomplete or rapidly changing information, and crossing boundaries between disciplines and ways of thinking. “High-performing dyslexics are very intelligent, often out-of-the box thinkers and problem-solvers,” says Bennet A. Shaywitz, co-director of the Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity . It is important for us to stop seeing dyslexia as a learning disability and start seeing it as an alternative way of perceiving and processing the world, with benefits as well as drawbacks, and with the potential to contribute creative approaches to our world’s problems. We have only just begun unraveling the secrets of the dyslexic mind. We know now that phonological impairment leads to dyslexia. The next step, says Perrachione, is to figure out how. Current research in the Gabrielli lab is focusing on measuring brain plasticity and responsiveness to changes in sound. The data will be out soon, says Perrachione, after it goes through peer review. “I think they [the data] have a lot of promise for really revolutionizing how we talk about the phonological deficit in dyslexia,” he says. “They’re very exciting. You can expect to see new discoveries soon.”

Illegal Immigration - Illegal Immigrants Should NOT be...

Illegal Immigrants Should not be Denied Benefits On her way to work, a nurse is assaulted while racial slurs are yelled at her. The same route that she has taken to work for the last ten years without a problem, now leads her to violence (Hornblower36). Instances of discrimination and racism such as this one, have increased since the passing of Proposition 187 in California. For years, the border states of this nation have faced a steady increase in the costs they are forced to pay for providing benefits to illegal immigrants. California alone is home to over half of the nations illegal immigrants. This has cost the state close to $2 billion every year in education and $400 million in emergency medical services†¦show more content†¦Secondly, an alternate program for controlling illegal immigrants has already been put into effect and shows positive results. Efforts to try and seal off the border between Mexico and the United States from illegal crossings have already started. Attorney General Janet Reno began this operation in El Paso, Texas and San Diego, California. In El Paso it is called Operation Hold the Line and in San Diego it is Operation Gatekeeper and due to the initial success of the programs, $236 million has been allocated to these border areas. In Operation Gatekeeper the efforts have brought a 30 percent drop in the number of arrests (Gwynne35). Operation Hold the Line has cut the number of daily illegal crossings from 8,000 to less than 1,000 and the number of arrests in El Paso have dropped 72 percent. This type of control is considered far more humane than Proposition 187 because it stops illegal immigrants before they get in. Therefore, this type of control has won the support of El Paso residents by 85 percent (Miller34). Having seen the lack of need for an action such as Proposition 187, let us consider the potential harm it can create. The first harm is the effect the lack of medical benefits has on the public. Proposition 187 cuts off education and all health care, except for emergency services, and requires teachers and doctors to turn in illegal immigrants (Impoco42). What thisShow MoreRelatedIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship4368 Words   |  18 PagesIllegal Aliens and Birthright Citizenship The United States Constitution is the supreme law of our great country. Found in our Constitution, is the fourteenth amendment. But, did the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment want or not want to grant citizenship to every person who happened to be born on U.S. soil? And does subject to the jurisdiction mean something different from born in the United States,? First, let’s see exactly what the fourteenth amendment states: â€Å"All persons born or naturalizedRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 PagesThe Immigration Debate US immigration laws in the last 25 years †¢ 1980 - Refugee Act increased overall refugee quotas to 270,000 †¢ 1986 - Immigration Reform and Control Act granted lawful permanent residency to over 2.7 million undocumented immigrants †¢ 1990 - Immigration Act established categories of employment and placed cap of number of non-immigrant workers †¢ 1996 - Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act - imposed strict penalties against illegal immigration and expandedRead MoreUndocumented Students Access For Public Higher Education2628 Words   |  11 Pages Undocumented Student Access to Public Higher Education Elizabeth Fava Florida International University EDH 6055: Access and Choice in US Higher Education Approximately 11 million undocumented immigrants are currently living in the U.S., an estimated 2.3 million undocumented students are in the U.S. K-12 system and yet only an estimated 65,000 graduate from high school (Jauregui, Slate, Stallone Brown, 2008; Diaz-Strong, Gomez, Luna-Duarte, Meiners, 2011). 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Literature dealing with information ........................................................ 3 3. Migrants ´ networks ............................................Read MoreAliens : An Alien Who Arrives At The Nation s Borders7568 Words   |  31 Pagesa bond hearing. Section 1226 (c) states, that an immigration judge or officer may detain terrorist or criminal aliens, without a bond hearing if there is suspicion that the alien has engaged in such activity. Under section 1226 (a), of the statute, if an alien demonstrates that he or she is not a danger or flight risk to the community, that alien can be released on bond hearing during removal proceedings. Under 8 U.S.C. Code  § 1158, an immigration officer shall refer an alien with the intent to applyRead MoreThe Hawala Extortion Method 18441 Words   |  74 Pagestrade invoice manipulations, gold and precious gem smuggling, the conventional banking system, or by physical movement of currency. 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Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as anRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagesto socialist-state-style industrialisation than it was to the American capitalism-style industrialisation of the 1920s. Further, the federal government’s industrial initiatives were aimed not just at the ‘products’ being created, but also at the benefits the industrial process would bring to the workers and the economy as a whole. The nature of industrialisation further changed in the 1930s as a result of the 1935 Wagner Act which permitted workers to form trade unions. By 1939, 22% of American

Utilitarianism, by John Stuart Mill Essay - 2012 Words

In John Stuart Mill’s work Utilitarianism, Mill is trying to provide proof for his moral theory utilitarianism and disprove all the objections against it. Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Ch. II, page 7). He calls this the â€Å"greatest happiness principle. Mill says, â€Å"No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except the fact that each person desires his own happiness, so far as he thinks it is attainable. But this is a fact; so we have not only all the proof that could be possibly demanded, that happiness is a good; that each person’s happiness is a good to that†¦show more content†¦Mill disproves this criticism by explaining that human pleasures are superior to animalistic ones. He believes once people are knowledgeable of these higher faculties that they possess, they will never be happy if they are left uncultivated. Therefore happiness is a sign that we are exercising our higher faculties as human beings. While defending his theory, Mill goes into differentiate pleasures between quality and quantity; this suggesting that some pleasure are more valuable than others. According to Mill higher quality pleasures are of intellect and moral feeling, while lower quality pleasures are of sense. He explains that when making a moral judgment on an action, utilitarianism takes into account not just the quantity, but also the quality of the pleasures resulting from it. He attributes this to human dignity, which is necessary when discussing the topic of morality and credibility of his beliefs. This discussion of pleasures leads Mill to another criticism that utilitarianism has developed because of contentment not happiness. His understanding and argument for this is people who use their higher faculties are less content because they know all of the limitations in the world. He says this is in a clear example when he writes, â€Å"†¦better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinions, it is because they only know their side of the question† (Ch. II, PageShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism880 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes hard to define, but with John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism it is a little bit easier. Utilitarianism is an easy one, for the reason that it is defined by the greatest happiness for everyone involved. Sometimes it does not always make everyone content, but if you look at it as a whole it makes sense. Mill says that we have to look at the bigger picture. One person’s happiness affects another’s and so on. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that John Stuart Mill, the philosopher, formulated toRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1365 Words   |  6 Pages In John Stuart Mill’s book Utilitarianism, he argues for the defense of utilitarianism, an age old theory originally developed by Jeremy Bentham that states the proper course of action is the one that maximizes happiness. The course of action that maximizes general happiness is also the only true standard for moral assessment. Mill also introduces the idea of ‘first principle’ which states that it is not acceptable for individuals to characterize actions as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, because it isRead MoreUtilitarianism By John Stuart Mill1805 Words   |  8 PagesIn his book Utilitarianism, John Stuart Mill presents his exposition and his major defenses of the philosophy of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, a th eory in ethics developed by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham, focuses on a concept of utility that focuses on deciding if actions are morally right or wrong by analyzing the pleasure and pain they cause. In other words, if an action causes primarily pleasure for all parties, then it must be good and right; however, if it causes pain for the parties involvedRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill1372 Words   |  6 PagesAct Utilitarianism is a long standing and well supported philosophical argument that when boiled down to its most basic elements, can be described as creating â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number† (122). Such was the sentiment of John Stuart Mill, one of act utilitarianism’s (also known as just utilitarianism) greatest pioneers, and promoters. Mills believed that his theory of always acting in a way that achieved the greatest net happiness was both superior to other philosophical theories andRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill159 9 Words   |  7 PagesUtilitarianism is a doctrine in normative ethics that is outlined and defended by many philosophers, including the English philosopher John Stuart Mill as a standard to determine what are right and wrong actions. At its most basic claim, the right course of action one must take should be in the interest of maximizing what is known as utility. The right course of action is determined as being right if it maximizes the total benefit and happiness gained, while at the same time reducing the greatestRead MoreThe Utilitarianism By John Stuart Mill984 Words   |  4 PagesDecriminalize Drug use Utilitarianism as an example of consequentialism is a moral theory generally considered to have started in the late eighteenth century. In the book Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill he defined the ethical theory stating that â€Å"†¦actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†(7). The idea behind the theory is that people seek happiness, and that the ultimate goal of all human beings is to be happy.Read MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill854 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Stuart Mill, among other things, was an English philosopher and economist who lived from 1806 to 1873. Mill grew up being immersed in the principles of utilitarianism. Mill’s essay on utilitarianism, titled Utilitarianism, was written to debunk misconceptions of and to provide support for the ideology. Mill’s essay and argument span five chapters, where his discussions range from definitions, misconceptions, re wards, methods, and validity. Utilitarianism is generally held to be the view thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism983 Words   |  4 PagesIn Utilitarianism actions are judged right and wrong solely on their consequence, and in order to assess this consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness and unhappiness caused and by calculating happiness and unhappiness caused, nobody’s happiness counts any more than anybody else’s. Utilitarian ethics is the most common form of ethics used today, it has thrived because two needs have been met by it. Firstly, end-based thinking is common and people have sought to improveRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism1202 Words   |  5 Pages I contend that the philosophy of John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism can be used to show that society should will that genetic enhancement be morally acceptable if the adverse cognitive or emotional effects are outweighed by the benefits. Glannon argues tha t gene enhancement is morally objectionable because â€Å"there would be the unacceptable social cost of some people suffering from adverse cognitive or emotional effects of the enhancement.† Under Utilitarianism, society would likely deem that geneticRead MoreUtilitarianism By John Stuart Mill930 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis Paper 2 In the essay â€Å"Utilitarianism† by John Stuart Mill, he explains his support for utilitarianism and argues any misconceptions of it. In his essay he talks about the difference between higher and lower pleasures and what significance they have in his utilitarian moral theory. His theory is based on the rule that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness.† Many people experience different kinds of pleasure

Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay Free Essays

This paper will research information presented from EDSL 673 and EDSL 671 from the Teaching English as a Second Language ( TESL ) plan. The information presented will research the five top thoughts that have generated to most fascinate over the continuance of these last two classs. Information will be discussed as to the importance of these thoughts and the deductions they will hold on future instruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will besides research ways that these thoughts can be implemented in current instruction under the preexistent conditions of the teaching assignment. Explanations will besides be presented to show what could potentially be the immediate consequences every bit good as the long-run consequences expected for holding implemented these thoughts within the current instruction assignment. These thoughts are relevant to instructors that will profit from information refering to direction of English Language Learners ( ELL ) or English as a Second Language ( ESL ) pupils. Contemplations There are so many different facets of instruction that are necessary in order for pedagogues to be effectual and to guarantee that all pupils are larning to their fullest potency. This is no exclusion for instructors of ELL or ESL pupils. However, due to the nature of kids and the manner each kid learns, instructors need to cognize the best patterns for direction based on the demands of their pupils. There are several different techniques and methods that may be utilized with ELL and ESL pupils in order for these kids to be successful in their acquisition ; and hence to go successful when working with their equals within the schoolroom. Based purely on the information being presented from the last two classs, there were several different constructs and thoughts that were being introduced. Although many of these impressions are familiar to experient instructors, there are several thoughts that may standout to persons as they may hold higher deductions to their instruction than others. There are five thoughts from these two classs that present the highest deductions, and they are the constructs of Natural Order Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, Culturally Responsive Teaching, Schema, and Accessing Prior Knowledge. The construct of Natural Order Hypothesis presents pedagogues with the order that persons get linguistic communication accomplishments. There are predictable phases for primary linguistic communication acquisitions along with predictable phases for the acquisition of secondary linguistic communications. Primary linguistic communication is acquired following these phases: babble ( 6 – 8 months ) , holophrastic ( 1 twelvemonth ) , two-word phrases ( 1 – 2 old ages ) , and multi-word ( 2 – 5 old ages ) . A individual ‘s 2nd linguistic communication is acquired following these phases: soundless receptive or preproduction ( 6 – 8 months ) , early production ( 6 months ) , speech outgrowth phase ( 1 twelvemonth ) , and intermediate linguistic communication proficiency ( 1 twelvemonth ) . Having an apprehension of the Natural Order Hypothesis allows pedagogues to develop an apprehension of where their Ell or ESL pupils may be in respects to their linguistic communication acquisition. Therefore, by understanding this thought, the instructor may develop lessons that are better suited for the pupil. This will besides help the instructor in the creative activity of activities that are completed in the schoolroom so all pupils are able to take part. Teachers that are able to link this construct to their English linguistic communication scholars are besides able to help these pupils when working in little differentiated instructional groups, and hence doing the acquisition much more meaningful for these pupils. Developing an apprehension of Affective Filter Hypothesis will assist pedagogues present themselves along with their schoolroom construction and lesson thoughts in a mode that will set their English linguistic communication scholars at easiness with the information they are showing. This will help these pupils from making a filter that could hinder larning. Students that are in structured environments with instructors that genuinely care about their acquisition keep a low degree of emphasis, and pupils are more likely to be motivated and confident, and hence a batch of linguistic communication acquisition can take topographic point. Teachers that have been able to make an environment that focuses around the Affective Filter Hypothesis are able to help their pupils in higher degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. Students that are so able to bring forth a larger degree of linguistic communication acquisition are so able to stand out at greater rates within the schoolroom. The deductions of Affective Filter Hypothesis in instruction is high in order to guarantee pupils are larning. Helping pupils maintain a low affectional filter is an of import measure in the confidence that pupils are traveling to get the linguistic communication skills they need in order to go successful in the schoolroom. Culturally Responsive Teaching is a teaching method that recognizes the importance of including pupils ‘ cultural mentions in all facets of larning. Culture is the deeper degree of basic premises and beliefs that are shared by members of an organisation, that operate unconsciously and specify in a basic ‘take for granted ‘ manner an organisations position of its ego and its environment. Culture contains both external and internal elements. External elements of civilization contain those such as ; nutrient, festivals, vacations, dances and vesture. Internal elements of civilization are those such as ; values, beliefs and forms of non-verbal communicating. By acknowledging the value of Culturally Responsive Teaching, pedagogues are able to demo pupils that they value their civilization and hence will observe their heritage in the schoolroom. This shows pupils that they are valued as persons and at the same clip could even bring forth a low Affective Filter. Culturally Responsive Teaching is of import in order to demo pupils that as the instructor, you value where they come from, and wish to observe that with the remainder of the category. All pupils should be able to portion with each other their civilization and heritage. This creates a schoolroom of culturally antiphonal pupils and helps the pupils understand that their backgrounds are of import. Teachers that partake in this pedagogical pattern create unfastened and receptive environments where pupils feel welcome when they enter the schoolroom. Last, scheme and accessing anterior cognition are of import factors that can act upon larning within the schoolroom. Schema is the organisational form or construction ; the conceptual model that pupils possess. Teachers that are able to entree a pupil ‘s scheme are more likely to be successful in assisting that pupil develop an apprehension of the constructs that are being taught. Teachers that are able to understand the deductions of scheme are so able to use this cognition into their schoolroom and their lessons. By showing to pupils how different accomplishments build upon one another will help these pupils in doing connexions between one construct and another. Accessing anterior cognition is manner for the pupils to take what they already know, and so use that cognition to the stuff they are presently larning. Teachers that focus on accessing their pupils ‘ anterior cognition are more likely to hold pupils that are able to retain information. Bing able to entree one ‘s anterior cognition is of import when working in the country of bring forthing illations. Bing able to do illations is an highly of import accomplishment when increasing reading comprehension. Bing able to use what one already knows to what the writer is connoting will assist the pupil in holding a greater apprehension of equivocal constructs. Both scheme and accessing anterior cognition are impressions that all instructors should implement in their schoolroom course of study. Constructing a pupil ‘s scheme while at the same clip holding the pupil entree their anterior cognition will further a greater apprehension of the thoughts that are being taught in the schoolroom. During the continuance of these two classs, I was able to develop a greater apprehension of these constructs and recognize how of import they are in being implemented in the schoolroom on a regular footing. Although these constructs are ideals that I presently posses, these classs have presented extra methods for execution in order to better pupil accomplishment. I will go on to implement these thoughts in my schoolroom environment with the end of continued pupil betterment. Currently, I do n’t hold pupils in my schoolroom that are coded as being English linguistic communication scholars, and hence do non use the tactics for teaching English linguistic communication scholars in the schoolroom. However, I have had English linguistic communication scholars in old categories, and hence reexamining this information will help me with the continued execution of these techniques. The major benefits of these constructs are that they work with all pupils, and non merely those pupils th at are considered to be English linguistic communication scholars. The immediate consequence of implementing these thoughts in the schoolroom would be the hope of increased accomplishment on the behalf of the pupils. The continued reappraisal of these constructs will bring forth a better apprehension of these thoughts, and hence a deeper apprehension of how they may be implemented into the schoolroom construction on a regular and ongoing footing, therefore holding a continued impact on pupil larning. Long-run effects of the execution of these thoughts will be the long-run apprehension of the different impressions covered within the schoolroom. By constructing on the pupils ‘ scheme, therefore increasing the pupils ‘ anterior cognition will take to them holding a greater keeping rate for their future class work. How to cite Case Study Reflections Analysis Education Essay, Free Case study samples

The Portrayal Of Men In Female Authored free essay sample

Text By Maxine Hong Kingston, And Zora Neale Hurston Essay, Research Paper The novels, Their Eyess Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, and The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston are two plants by female writers which celebrate the individualism and strength of adult females. In both instances, the characters portrayed in the novels are blunt contrasts to both the typical females and males depicted in both early and modern-day plants by many male writers. In the two pieces of literature, adult females struggle to stay steadfast in their impressions of dignity, and can go independent if the demand or chance arises. What makes this inner-strength so astonishing is that the adult females in the novels are populating in societies which characterize their full sex as simply otiose components-a impression that is compounded by the beliefs of their several African American and Chinese cultural communities. However, merely as female characters in books written by male writers are normally illustrations of suppressing and destructive forces to the independent , yet responsible male, in these two books written by female writers, the work forces are conversely portrayed as the constraining, if non catastrophic forces for the female. We will write a custom essay sample on The Portrayal Of Men In Female Authored or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Their Eyess Were Watching God three work forces try to restrain and finally destroy Janie through both their actions and the infliction of their male chauvinist, yet socially-accepted positions. However, Hurston # 8217 ; s alone portraiture of this independent black adult female will non let her to yield to their prohibitory force per unit area. Janie # 8217 ; s first hubby, Logan is the typically idealised mate of most male- , and even some female-created literature. He is the protagonist of the household and with him Janie will desire for nil, including a life of her ain. Logan expects a married woman who will love, award, and obey. Without to the full cognizing her or what she can offer, he expects her to appreciate him for carry throughing what he saw as his responsibility # 8220 ; tuh work and feed yah # 8221 ; ( 29 ) . While this oft excepted impression of a # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; -and a adult female whose merely # 8220 ; topographic point # 8221 ; is # 8 220 ; wherever Ah need yuh # 8221 ; ( 30 ) -is characteristic of male-written literature, it has rather a different turn in Hurston # 8217 ; s book. Alternatively of Janie giving in to his suppressive ideals, she rather easy leaves him for another whom she believes to be less constricting and more willing to seek new things, and possesses what she believes is a new position. Possibly the most lurid contrast of Hurston # 8217 ; s portraiture of the one time typical and idealised provider-husband to that of other authors is Logan # 8217 ; s evident deficiency of strength. While Logan # 8217 ; s character, if written by a male, might hold said and done the same things as Hurtson # 8217 ; s Logan, his fright of losing Janie, symbolized in his half-sob/half-cry disapprobation of her ( 30 ) shows that all of the relationship # 8217 ; s power did non lie with him, as male authors might hold us believe. Alternatively, much like Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s Henchard in The Mayor of Caster bridge believed that he could make much better without the hinderance of a married woman and kid, so did Hurston # 8217 ; s Janie believe that she could make better without her # 8216 ; perfect # 8217 ; hubby to restrain her. In both instances, one with a male supporter written by a male, and the other with a female supporter and female author, the chief character proved to be right in their premise. Janie # 8217 ; s 2nd hubby Jody turned out to be out of the blue much like the first, but even more suppressive in some ways. While Logan chiefly wanted Janie to plight to him her deathless gratitude for his proposal, Jody expected Janie # 8217 ; s grasp in add-on to her conformance to a position quo that was set by Jody himself. As city manager of the town in which they resided, Jody required that his married woman maintain a certain high quality and withdrawal from the general residence. This edict, combined with certain criterions for her day-to-day visual aspect, sufficiently alienated Janie from the general populace, and attempted to farther smother her as an person. Although Janie herself believed that her old ages with Jody had caused all the battle to be # 8220 ; gone from her psyche # 8221 ; ( 72 ) one time he was gone, her ain personality and desires rapidly resurfaced. Jody, merely like Logan, was the traditional # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; . He saw that Janie was taken attention of, and even took away her demand to show herself in day-to-day interactions by ordering her needed actions. He allowed Janie to populate the perfect life her grandma had envisioned for her-to get # 8220 ; up on uh high chair and sit dere # 8221 ; ( 109 ) . This was the life that society believes most adult females merely dream approximately. This superficial end mirrors Charles Perrault and his Sleeping Beauty who wishes one twenty-four hours for her prince to come. While this impression that a adult male is necessary to finish a adult female, Hurston, portrays Jody, merely like Logan to be a confining influence on Janie. The extent of her freedom and felicity after Jody is no longer able to command her, is apparent through her actions instantly following his decease. She took down her hair, and gazed at the adult female she had become-finally free of male influences in her life to order her actions and her desires. Once once more, this adult male that would t raditionally be a symbol of strength and success was brought down by Hurtson # 8217 ; s portraiture of his minutes of failing. Because Janie absorbed all of Jody # 8217 ; s mental and physical blows and went on with her life while Jody # 8217 ; s wellness declined after Janie # 8217 ; s one onslaught on his manhood, Hurston successfully paints Janie as the stronger individual. Through Janie # 8217 ; s foremost two hubbies, the contrast in the image of the traditional, strong male supplier to their existent failings and dependance on Janie for her support greatly contradicts the more positive male icon in plants by male writers. Janie # 8217 ; s concluding hubby, Tea Cake, proves to be really different from the first two and a much more positive influence on Janie, but however, has the possible to be the most destructive force in her life. Tea Cake grants her freedom to prosecute all of the recreational activities that life with Jody prohibited, such as fishing and hunting. Because Tea Cake grants her the freedom to make what she wishes and does non demand her grasp in return, Janie feels as though she has eventually had the opportunity to happen # 8220 ; out about livin # 8217 ; fuh [ herself ] # 8221 ; ( 183 ) . What Hurston, through Janie # 8217 ; s penchants, portrays as the ideal adult male is antithetical to that created by the society both in her novel and in existent life. While Tea Cake does non suit society # 8217 ; s impression of a # 8216 ; good adult male # 8217 ; or the cast set Forth by earlier authors because he can non supply for a adult female every bit readily as Jody and Logan, he still remains the strongest of her three hubbies. While he admits to Janie that he believes she is a adult female fantastic plenty to # 8220 ; do uh adult male forgit tuh git old and forgit tuh dice # 8221 ; ( 132 ) , her disapproval of one thing or another does non do him to interrupt into cryings or allow his organic structure succumb to a disease. Although while he is alive, Tea Cake appears to back up her more than hinder her growing as a individual, at least in the eyes of Janie, his effort to kill her is another representation by Hurston of the destructive influence of even the apparently best of work forces. Because Janie was able to protect herself, and unluckily was forced to kill him as a consequence, the writer showed one time once more that adult females are able to last on their ain, and should non necessitate to give of themselves merely to pacify their male opposite number. All throughout Their Eyess Were Watching God, Janie, and all of her hubbies seem to withstand the traditional functions set for them-the work forces, strong yet inhibited by a married woman who needs changeless protection and support, and the adult female, content with a faithful adult male who sees that all of her secular demands are met. While this portraiture of work forces contrasts greatly with that in earlier books by male writers, it has unluckily become the paradigm of most males in positively female-centered plants. Although representative of society at the clip of the writer, and even slightly representative of the present twenty-four hours, work forces in female-written plants appear to acquire as unfavourable word pictures as most adult females in plants written by work forces. In Maxine Hong Kingston # 8217 ; s The Woman Warrior, the demanding and tyrannizing male characters are merely every bit prevailing as in Hurston # 8217 ; s piece, as are adult females characters who break the casts set for them in a assortment of state of affairss. In her novel, the male characters invariably undermine the worth of the adult females, but the adult females must make up ones mind either to accept and internalise their belittlement, or withstand their preset criterions and excel. While the adult females portrayed vary from a self-destructive colza victim to a war hero, the work forces in each of the narratives remain the most influential factor in the adult females # 8217 ; s lives. The No Name Woman # 8217 ; s determination to perpetrate self-destruction, for illustration, is the direct consequence of the mistreatment and expatriate by the community, precipitated by the original male culprit who did non value the life or felicity of the adult female he violated. M u Lan, is an illustration of a adult female who, out of filial love, chose to be strong and lead to victory work forces who would kill her if they discovered that she was non one of them. In Kingston # 8217 ; s novel, the attitudes of the work forces involved were much more rough than those of Hurtson # 8217 ; s adversaries. Although they are portrayed in really different ways, the constraining and destructive forces that work forces exert on adult females are merely every bit obvious in The Woman Warrior as Their Eyes Were Watching God. In both novels, the reader learns the most about male characters through their interactions with the females-characters whose inmost thoughts we are allowed to read. Because of this narrow position of work forces in the two plants, we are more likely to comprehend the work forces every bit unfavourably as do the female characters who feel victimized by their suppressive intervention. While the perceptual experience of the work forces through this nonreversible position may be every bit accurate as any that we would make as a consequence of more in-depth exposure, we must maintain in head that in many ways the portraiture of work forces in books by female writers is really similar to that of adult females in books written by work forces. In both instances one gender is portrayed as an noticeable force hindering some facet of the other # 8217 ; s personal development, economic success, or felicity in general. In Hurston and Kingston # 8217 ; s novels, work forces are portrayed as a more negative than positive force on the females they interact with, nevertheless, their intervention of the adult females and attitudes toward them however help the adult females define themselves. In the two plants, this definition seems to come approximately in two ways-either through conforming to the male # 8217 ; s positions and thereby going a merchandise of their sentiments, or through the rebellion against a negative stereotype in which the adult female can go the antithesis of the original male position. In Kingston # 8217 ; s novel, the strong male forces at work on the different adult females through the episodes of the # 8220 ; No Name Woman # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; Shaman # 8221 ; , and even # 8220 ; White Tigers # 8221 ; and the storyteller # 8217 ; s ain life serve chiefly to do the adult females to value themselves more as a retainer to the work forces they encounter than as a valuable ani mal themselves. In Hurston # 8217 ; s novel, Janie finds herself continually withstanding the predetermined criterion for her life and gets closest to # 8216 ; happening herself # 8217 ; when she is with a less-domineering, and therefore less-traditional male figure. While the drastically differing cultural contexts contribute to the differences in the adult females # 8217 ; s reactions, the function of the male as an highly influential factor seems to epitomize the engagement of males in both books, every bit good as others by female authors. Through the portraiture of male characters in The Woman Warrior and Their Eyes Were Watching God the writers open a new position on the function of males in the lives of adult females. The typical word picture of work forces in novels related to adult females is that of the strong, nurturing supplier, who is non without mistake, but nevertheless towers above his female opposite numbers for his independency and willingness to back up the adult females in his life. The plants by these two female writers challenge this idealised perceptual experience. Hurston attacks the undermining of female efficaciousness as invalid and unneeded, while Kingston portrays adult females and misss who could be strong in themselves, but however adhere to the unyielding and unsafe counsel of world. Although both writers shine a well more negative visible radiation on the influence of males in the lives of adult females, they do win in opening the door for a more critical, and possibly even more accurate re presentation of males in modern-day literature.

Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll

'Jabberwocky' by Lewis Carroll English writer Lewis Carroll (1832- 1898) is best-known for his genre-bending work Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking Glass (1872). The tale of a young girl who visits a strange land is a classic of childrens literature and cemented Carrolls place in the Western literary canon. Even though theyre widely considered to be important works, the talking animals and possible depiction  of what has been interpreted as drug use have placed Wonderland and Looking Glass on numerous lists of banned books. Lewis Carroll Life and Work Lewis Carroll was actually the pen name of   Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, a cleric, scholar, teacher, and mathematician. Before turning to writing childrens fiction, Dodgson/Carroll wrote several mathematical texts while a student at Christ Church College, Oxford, including An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Curiosa Mathematica and Euclid and His Modern Rivals. He met the Liddell family while a teacher at Christ Church College  and was enchanted by their young daughter Alice. Although he later said his fictional heroine was not based on any real person, Carroll reportedly made up the Wonderland stories, or at least their outlines, as a way of entertaining Alice Liddell and her friends. Carroll wrote several other works, some about Alice, in his later years, but never again achieved the commercial success of Wonderland and Looking Glass. Analyzing Carrolls Poem Jabberwocky Jabberwocky is a poem contained within Through the Looking Glass.   Alice discovers the poem in a book on a table during a visit to the Red Queen. From what we can understand, the poem is a mythical monster who is slain by the hero of the poem. Who is the hero? Who is the narrator? Its almost impossible for the reader to tell  since were already in the weird world of Wonderland. Even Alice doesnt understand what shes reading. Written in a ballad style, most of the words within the Jabberwocky are nonsensical, yet it hews to a traditional poetic structure. Here is the complete text of Lewis Carrolls Jabberwocky. Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe. Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch! He took his vorpal sword in hand:Long time the manxome foe he soughtSo rested he by the Tumtum tree,And stood a while in thought. And, as in uffish thought he stood,The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,And burbled as it came! One two! One two! And through and throughThe vorpal blade went snicker-snack!He left it dead, and with its headHe went galumphing back. And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?Come to my arms, my beamish boy!Oh frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!He chortled in his joy. Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.

The definitive healthcare jobs guide 2018

The definitive healthcare jobs guide 2018 There’s a good chance you’re reading this jobs guide because you’ve heard that the healthcare industry is super hot right now. And it’s true! But if you’re just starting out, or thinking about a career change, how do you get in on this fast-growing field? Let’s look at the important questions to consider before you take the plunge and commit to your new industry. Which healthcare field is right for you?One of the best parts about healthcare right now is its versatility- but that can also be a bit of a curse, because how do you choose?Hands-On HealthcareWhen you think of â€Å"healthcare,† you probably think of core jobs like a physician, nurse, home health aide, therapist, etc. These professionals are the ones working directly with patients, diagnosing, treating, and caring for people at different points in the process. If you’re not afraid to get up close and personal with patients and have a high tolerance for things like bodi ly fluids, you might want to consider taking this path.Healthcare Technology†¦but there are also a lot of behind-the-scenes options if working with patients isn’t your bag, or the idea of drawing blood makes you feel faint. Healthcare technology, which can involve everything from the digital infrastructure behind electronic medical records to the high-tech equipment that medical providers use, is a way to be involved in one of the fastest-growing parts of the health industry. IT, like healthcare, is a field that is perpetually growing these days- so if you have engineering, programming, and project management skills, you might want to consider specializing in healthcare technology systems.Healthcare Administration/ManagementJust as there are more jobs than ever for healthcare practitioners, the need for strong administrative support systems is growing as well. Hospitals, clinics, research labs, insurance companies†¦all of them need professionals to manage records, h andle coding and billing, maintain medical offices, and generally keep things running smoothly to support patient care. And like with medical technology, healthcare administration can be a good option if your skill sets are more general, and you’re looking to specialize or expand into a field with strong job security and chances for advancement. For administrative positions that involve clinical expertise too (like medical assisting), you can often complete certificate programs or take terminology classes to help you build up your medical bona fides.Do you need to go back to school?Short answer†¦maybe. For non-clinical jobs, like in administration or technology, experience and education in those general areas are often enough to get started in the healthcare specialty. However, for positions that demand more specific expertise, training, or certification, you may need to plan for additional rounds of schooling. But here’s the good news: not every medical training program is a med school-level commitment; many programs range from short-term Associate’s programs (like dental hygienists) to a four-year degree (like most nurses). And for some jobs, like home health aide, a high school diploma is enough to get you in the door at the entry level.It’s also important to remember that most health careers are governed by state requirements for certification and licensing, so whatever path you choose, be sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for that job.Where are the most healthcare jobs?The upshot is that healthcare jobs, in general, are growing just about everywhere- but if you want to follow the most growth, head to the most populous states. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the highest concentration of jobs for healthcare practitioners and healthcare tech were found in the following states:CaliforniaTexasNew YorkFloridaPennsylvaniaFor healthcare support occupations (like administration), the se are the top five states:New YorkCaliforniaTexasFloridaOhioThings seem great now, but what’s the outlook for healthcare jobs?Very bright indeed! Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in healthcare occupations across the board is expected to grow at least 18% between now and 2026. That’s significantly faster than average for all occupations and translates into about 2.4 million jobs between now and 2026. A number of factors are driving this demand- but especially a growing population in general, and an aging population in particular. Changes in healthcare policy also drive the growth, especially in areas like medical administration and health insurance. As our health needs grow more numerous and more complex, there will be millions of jobs opening to help keep pace.So if you’re considering going into the health industry as a newbie or as a game-changer, there’s likely to be a path that works for your particular skills and your goals. Good l uck!

Conflict, decision making, organizational design Research Paper

Conflict, decision making, organizational design - Research Paper Example The magnitude of decision making is underscored by the fact that it produces the ultimate choice, with its output taking the form of an action or just an opinion of choice. In turn, the import of conflict management is that it encompasses the other two roles which are conflict management and decision making. Strayer University serves as the epitome of constructive use of proper conflict, decision making and organizational design. Although it was only in 1986 when Strayer’s Business College was accorded full university status, yet its accreditation by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and the large pool of the students’ body numbering 51,000 confirm the dynamism it enjoys. Above all, that Strayer University attributes its success to proper application of decision making, conflict management and organizational design is a matter that underscores the importance of these features in organizational management. How One Can Apply Negotiation Strategies to Addres s Potential Conflicts in the Workplace In order to address potential conflicts in the workplace, it is highly needful that the potential or actual negotiators or the leadership of the organization takes time and effort to understand the opportunity to negotiate. This will portend, the stakeholders taking an effort to understand the nature and magnitude of conflict that is in the offing. It is also through the understanding of the opportunity to negotiate that every individual must have a clear goal in kind and appreciate the oncoming negotiations as having the key to the realization of a sustainable solution. The import of this stage is that it helps in differentiating negotiable conflicts from the nonnegotiable ones. Similarly, it is the understanding of the opportunity to negotiate that efforts can be concerted to annul the conflict peacefully without the convention of the negotiations. Buono (2007) recommends that it is also imperative that the party in charge also identifies the goals of the negotiation, should it become obvious that the conflict will progress to the negotiation stage. Nevertheless, at this stage, the main goal will be to stave off the looming conflict. This stage will still be important since effective negotiators must be able to visualize the best and viable outcome and work diligently to achieve it. There will also be the need to define the maximum and minimum limits of expectations, in this light. In this case, staving off this possible workplace conflict is the maximum limit of expectation. In the event that the threat of the possible workplace conflict persists, so that negotiations become inevitable, it will be expedient that the concerned party chooses the most suitable negotiation strategy. The options that may be available for consideration may be the cooperative strategy, analytical and competitive strategy. From the juncture above, it will be important that the party or the organization seeking to arbitrate the conflict creates a climate that will be positive for the talks. This measure cannot be sidestepped, given that in the presence of conflicts, the planning team must designate a place where talks can take place openly, productively and without any element that would cause duress. While at it, it will be necessary that the concerned

Christianity's success and Atheism's failure in explaining the origin Research Paper

Christianity's success and Atheism's failure in explaining the origin of life - Research Paper Example For example, primeval people believed they were originated from a particular animal or a plant (depending on a tribe). These â€Å"origins† were associated with an under human power. Ancient polytheistic religions also had their explanations formulated in myth, tales etc. The belief in single God (monotheism) came later when the polytheistic worldview could no longer satisfy human curiosity and religious needs. Monotheistic religions (such as Christianity) had come to propose a new answer on a subject. The main word here is â€Å"belief†. To be a religious person means to have a particular system of believes which are determined by the religion. Christians believe in a specific number of theses which make their world picture. Those theses can be argued or accepted. It’s different with the atheistic world view. Firstly, it should be mentioned, that atheists do not deny the whole idea of believing. On the other side, one of the biggest myths about atheism is to consider it a religious system. â€Å"Atheism is not a belief system nor is it a religion† (American Atheists, n.d.). It’s a common delusion that atheists believe in â€Å"no God†. They really don’t. Atheists do not practice belief in Gods; they are disbelievers (Cline n.d.). Atheists say theists usually are responsible for these disillusions. â€Å"Where these preconceived ideas come from varies, but they tend to evolve from theistic influences or other sources† (American Atheists, n.d.). Indeed, theists tend to contrapose atheism and theism as these things are equal. But atheists are skeptical about all supernatural things’ existence (like ghosts and spirits), and the God who has created humankind from nothing (as Christianity puts it) is just one of those things. For their way of thinking atheists in West civilization are commonly considered to be Christians’ antagonists. Meanwhile, â€Å"the only common thread that ties all atheists together is a lack of

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy Essay

Evaluate Jungs Theory Concerning Personality Types Philosophy Essay During the 1920s, philosophers and scientists had turned their attention to exploring the idea of personality types. It was during this period that Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung wrote his book Psychological Types explaining his very detailed understanding of the process of Typology (the study and classification of personality types with common traits or characteristics). Subsequently, his work has been developed into one of the most widely used typologies in the world. Berens, L. Nardi, D. (2004) Jung was first to develop the theory that each of us has our own personality type. He suggested that humans used two basic functions in their everyday lives the function of perception, or how we take in information that is presented to us and the second function of how we make our judgements based on that information. He believed that within these two basic functions there were further dichotomous sub-functions at work. In the case of perception, he believed that we processed information either via any (or all) of our senses, or alternatively, by our intuition our gut feeling. Similarly, with our decision making process, Jung believed that we make our judgements based upon either personal (subjective) feelings or impersonal (objective) logic or, in other words thinking. Jung described the perceptive functions of sensing and intuition as irrational as they do not evaluate as such, rather they are concerned with the simple gathering of information and then perceiving the nature of something based upon the information gathered. He did not mean irrational in the sense of being absurd or inconsistent with logic but rather with reference to being removed from reason and judgement. Quite naturally, the judging functions, those of feeling and thinking were considered to be rational. Both judging functions having opposite attributes to those of the perceptive functions in that they very much evaluate experiences and they do rely on the use of reasoning and judgment. Jungs typology bears some semblance, borne from his study of mythology, to the Four Temperaments from Ancient Greek culture, namely Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine. Jungs model however, is considerably more developed and more complex. He theorised that each of us channels our psychic energy (or libido) into each of our four functions of sensing, intuition, thinking and feeling during our normal daily lives. He then went on to suggest that we all apply different levels of that psychic energy to the different functions. Importantly, Jung believed that it was possible to test, measure and identify a hierarchy of preference that an individual has regarding their personality functions labelling the favoured function as the dominant, the second most frequently used as the auxiliary, followed by the tertiary and then finally, the inferior function. This proved fundamental in the formulation of his theories regarding individual personality typology. Jung suggested that those individuals with a dominant sensing function are generally governed by external facts which are received, as the name implies, through their senses. They will tend to have a natural propensity to live in the present, seeing everyone and sensing all that is going on around them. They tend to be quite practical and proactive about their lives. Enjoying these traits enables sensing type individuals to be able to quite naturally adapt quickly to most situations remaining realistic and self-confident as they go about their daily lives. The naturally opposing function to sensing is intuition. Intuitive type individuals spend far less time in the present, focussing their attention much more on both the past and the future. As such, they have a tendency to worry more about things that may happen or dwell upon things that have already happened in their past and they are often blighted with unnecessary doubts. Avoiding routine, intuitive types are usually only very interested in things that happen in their lives that are either new or unusual. Each aspect of the intuitive individual is the natural polar opposite of the sensing individual. Of the two other naturally opposing functions, the thinking individual would process information based on structure and functionality. Very intellectual in their approach, they would have a natural tendency to break down everything using logical analysis to try to expose any underlying structures, patterns and systems. Evaluation would be based upon their intellect and the segregation of information into rights and wrongs. Any action taken by a thinking type individual tends to proceed from intellectually based motivation. A frustrating aspect of the naturally thinking type is that they do not place a great deal of importance on getting to the bottom of arguments or quarrels. Thinking types are natural opposites to feeling types and as such, usually have trouble talking openly about their feelings and are relatively emotionally cold. Jung regarding feeling as an evaluative function, the feeling individual generally being governed by the value associated with the things drawn to them through their feelings. Feeling types are more likely to be interested in other people and other peoples feelings rather than their own. They see things not as right or wrong like thinking types do, but more like good and bad, they tend to have a more ethical evaluation process. Feeling types tend to pay a lot of their attention to love and passion and can easily use their emotions consciously or unconsciously to manipulate people or situations. They also have a tendency to be very comfortably tactile. Jung posited that the dominant function was very important to each individual and overshadowed all of the other functions when it came to constructing a personality type. He also suggested that improving our awareness of all of the four functions within ourselves, be they dominant (conscious) or inferior (unconscious), was very important in helping us to develop a healthy, balanced existence. He went on to suggest, unsurprisingly, that if any functions were unduly repressed, or not receiving enough psychic energy, this would ultimately lead to problems that would almost certainly arise sooner or later in a persons lifetime. Jung was very much into the idea of psychic energy and its constant shifting within our psyche. He was of the opinion that we all use psychic energy and as individuals, we consciously and unconsciously channel our psychic energy both internally and out into our external world. The Society of Analytical Psychology website tells us that; Jung drew on the work of the philosopher Nietzsche and the psychologist William James in his development of typology'(2006) resulting in two very different and opposing attitudes which also contribute to our character types those attitudes being introvert and extrovert. Introversion, where the energy is directed in towards the self, is normally characterised by hesitant, reflective, defensive traits. By contrast, extroverts channel or draw their energy from external sources. They are interested primarily in what is happening outside themselves, in their surroundings, other people or external noises. Extroverts tend not to enjoy spending time alone as they naturally draw their energy from, and channel their energy to, their external world. Jung concluded that individuals either introverted or extroverted their dominant function creating a total of eight possible psychological types an example of which might be an Extroverted Thinker. The healthy, balanced and best example of an Extraverted Thinking type tends to have a good sense of the facts. They are very adept at establishing order in all aspects of their lives their benchmarks are justice and truth, based upon what they consider to be the purest conceivable formulation of objective reality D. Sharp (1936). At their worst, amongst other things, they are religious zealots or con men (or women). Introverted Feeling would be their inferior functions meaning that anything involving artistic senses, quality time with loved ones and family and loving relationships are liable to suffer. They will tend to come across as cold or unfriendly but this will only be because they will be more interested in fact than how their attitude effects the people around them. In extreme examples, they will neglect their own vital needs and unconsciously compensate by becoming highly oversensitive, petty and mistrustful of others. Once the unconscious compensatory process has begun, there is a danger of the collapse of their conscious attitude, resulting in their positivity and creativity becoming stagnant and regressive. In the very extreme case, the individual can become a recluse and/or misanthropic. Another example of one of Jungs eight psychological types would be the Extraverted Sensation type. This type of person will react to an object, situation or person in a way that their response to the object is conditioned by the object. Sharp (1936). They are drawn to objects, people or situations that excite the strongest sensations within them and because they are still extraverted, they always have a strong sensuous bond to their external world. As Jung (1923) states; The sole criterion of their value is the intensity of the sensation produced by their objective qualitiesHowever, it is only concrete, sensuously perceived objects or processes that excite sensations for the extravertHence the orientation of such an individual accords with purely sensuous reality. (p. 363) Healthy Extraverted Sensing types are great at finding their way around, reading maps and they rarely forget appointments. They are also neat, tidy and punctual individuals who love to socialise and surround themselves with the finer things in life. The negative aspect of this type is their inferior functions of introverted intuition. In their natural world, the things that cannot be seen, heard or touched those things that are not fact are instantly treated as suspect. Psychic conflicts are dismissed as imaginary and changes in mood will be blamed on seemingly unrelated and trivial things like the weather. Amongst the worst traits of this individual is related to instances when their attraction and focus upon sensation becomes overwhelming and consuming, extreme cases result in unscrupulous, pleasure-seeking hedonists. In Psychological Types, In relation to Extraverted Sensing types, Jung states that repressed intuitions begin to assert themselves in the form of projections (p. 365). The projections open the door for jealous fantasy, suspicion and anxiety, typically based on quite absurd assumption. The more severe cases producing phobias and compulsions, although this only tends to happen very occasionally More usually, the compensating inferior function simply imparts a rather charming air of inconsistency to the personality Sharp (p. 58). A further type, The Introverted Sensing type is guided not by the intensity of the external object as in the previous two examples, but by the intensity of the subjective sensations activated by the object. They pay every attention to what people look like, how they smell, the sounds they make and how they feel rather than the actual person themselves. Introverted sensing artists, for example will bring a unique depth of life to a painting or scene. In extreme examples of Introverted Sensing types, the effect of an object does not penetrate into the individual (subject) at all. They are no longer able to distinguish between the real object and their subjective perception. They have virtually no rational ability to sort problems out and are more likely to have dark prophetic fantasies of what might happen in the outside world to their family or mankind Sharp (p.83) This type is also prone to becoming stuck in a rut or otherwise bogged down in a routine due to their other functions becoming unconscious. Jung writes; as soon as the unconscious becomes antagonistic, the archaic intuitions come to the surface and exert their pernicious influence, forcing themselves on the individual and producing compulsive ideas of the most perverse kind. The result is usually a compulsion neurosis, in which the hysterical features are masked by symptoms of exhaustion. (p. 398) Jung noted that just like the four functions, both attitudes of introversion and extraversion are present in each individual in differing degrees dependant upon the energy dedicated to them. Nobody is either purely extrovert or purely introvert, in fact, the vast majority of people have a fairly well balanced mix of the two attitudes although one will always be more dominant and natural than the other in each individual. On discussing Jungs typology theory in her book Drydens Handbook of Individual Therapy, Windy Dryden (2007) notes that; [a] neurotic defence is that of extreme introversion which manifests its narcissistic feelings of grandiosity that act to keep an individual from being involved in interpersonal relationshipsWestern culture is identified with an extroverted, thinking, sensation way of functioning so that many people feel forced to comply with this. If this compliance becomes pathological, they need to be helped to achieve a better balance she goes on to say it may be said that extreme extroversion can be as neurotic as extreme introversion. (p. 107) Jung said that extraversion and introversion are not mutually exclusive and that they have a natural tendency to self-balance through both conscious and unconscious processes. Therefore, a consciously extravert person will possess a compensatory inwardly unconscious introvert side and vice versa. Jung linked this effect to the repression of natural tendencies and the resulting unhappiness, hysteria and illness, so if the balance gets upset by repression (an unconscious action) our mind would seek to restore the balance in an unconscious manner. This leads us onto a key component of Jungs theory on personality types the element of balance. All of Jungs psychology was based upon balance, growth and hope and his personality type theory was no exception. As we know, Jung subscribed to the notion that all attributes of the four functions and the attitudes of introversion and extroversion appear in all individuals to differing degrees. According to Jung, as human beings, the way that we are able to cope with the opposing characteristics to our natural dominant functions and attitudes is by the balance of our psychic energy levels, which we devote to each part at any given time. As far as Jung was concerned, an imbalance of psychic energy ultimately resulted in some form of psychological disturbance, with neurosis over-emphasizing the individuals character traits. Crucially, that the four functions need to be in balance does not mean that they need to be equal to each other insofar as their psychic energy levels. Taking the four functions into account, our natural tendency is to adopt one, rather than the opposite. If the thinking function was the most developed in an individual, it would naturally benefit from having more psychic energy dedicated to it than the feeling function (the other judging function). Being the natural polar opposite to thinking, feeling would then become the inferior function and would remain so for as long as thinking was the dominant function thus becoming balanced. Sensation and intuition (the two perceptive functions) would then become the auxiliary and tertiary functions. More energy would be dedicated to thinking and less energy would be channelled to feeling but they would all still, ideally, be within a correct and natural balance relationally. This balance is vital as our dominant function is actually bolstered by our inferior function, however we do only have a finite amount of psychic energy. If we channel too much energy into our dominant function, the inferior function can be at risk of being lost in the unconscious or the shadow as an expense, resulting in some form of disturbance. Our shadow can be described as our yet to be realised area of our mind. It can harbour potential personality disorder or, equally, it can be potentially creative. In therapy sessions, we seek to help our client to rediscover their shadow side and restore their balance. With this in mind, Jungs theory suggests that there always needs to be an unconscious counter-position to keep a balance within the functions. One function (the dominant) is experienced consciously whilst the counter or inferior function is experienced unconsciously. In the 1940s, Isobel Myers and her mother, Katherine Cook Briggs were drawn to the work of Carl Jung and were inspired to try and develop his theory of personality types into a more practical and usable instrument. They subscribed to Jungs ideas of opposites and crafted some extremely well thought out questions in order to force choices to be made between naturally existing psychological dilemmas. What resulted was a ninety-three point self-questionnaire that enabled people to be categorised into one of a possible sixteen personality types based upon their own answers to a series of carefully constructed questions. What the MBTI does not do however, is to detect psychiatric disturbances or provide intelligence quotients it only focuses on a subjects normal behaviour. Jung would never have approved of his work being developed in this way, however, if an individuals normal behaviour is naturally disordered (and therefore consistently so) it can provide useful indicators to potential disturbance-related traits. This underlines the difference between a psychiatric disturbance (non-constant behaviour) and a personality disorder (constant behaviour). This is illustrated nicely in Dr Duane Dobberts book Understanding Personality Disorders where he writes; While many other psychological disorders fluctuate in terms of symptom presence and intensity, as with normal personality, personality disorders typically remain relatively constant throughout life, although they do vary in severity from individual to individual. (2007). As previously noted, if any functions are being unduly stifled through lack of psychic energy either consciously or by design, this is expected to lead to problems that will arise at some point in the individuals adult life. An example where we may be likely to see evidence of this is when a parent or guardian continually forces certain uncharacteristic behaviours upon their children, or when adults consciously inhibit their own feelings. In doing this, they are going against what is natural for the oppressed individual and it will probably eventually lead to some form of psychological disturbance. We also often see evidence of peoples unconscious mind reverting from unconscious to conscious behaviour when they are stressed or under the influence of alcohol. As far as psychological problems are concerned, many are characterized by a lack of control in certain situations. Often, the lack of control is only part of a larger pattern of behaviour, such as substance abuse problems or sexual disorders. There are however, several psychological disorders that are defined primarily by a loss of control and these would include instances of Domestic Violence, Pyromania and Pathological Gambling. Studies have been performed to try to ascertain if there is any form of notable relationship between certain personality types and certain psychological disturbances. A psychiatric study in the University of Carolina by Janowsky, Morter Tancer (2000) was carried out whereby a group of sixteen patients with diagnosed Social Phobia were compared to a group of twenty-four hospitalized patients suffering with Major Depressive Disorder. Both groups were compared to a control group of a normative population comprising of nearly fifty-six thousand individuals. Each subject underwent the MBTI survey and results stated that Social Phobia patients were significantly introverted (93.7%) as opposed to the normative population group (46.2%). Notably, the Social Phobia patients also scored significantly more introverted than the Major Depressive patients, although the Major Depressive patients still scored as introverted. One conclusion drawn from the study was that introversion is a major compon ent of Social Phobia, if nothing else this observation almost certainly has therapeutic significance. The fact that Carl Jungs psychological types structure continues to provide the basis of many of the leading psychometrics systems and instruments in use today, including Myers-Briggs, is testimony to the enduring relevance and value of Jungs work. Whether it may ever be developed so that we may detect personality disorders before they become apparent will remain to be seen. Ethically, if we got to that stage, who knows how such a test may be exploited? Maybe it would be best if we never found out.