The Step-by-Step Guide How to Write a Research Paper

Are you staring at the blank page on your screen and have no idea how to approach your challenging research paper? Research papers are complex and time-consuming assignments and what is really important they make up a large part of students grade in all classes. Its not a secret that academic writing is hard but written communication skills are essential for your success in college, graduate school, and in your future career. Thats why you should work hard to master the art of paper writing. If you are not sure where to start, read this article to learn about effective strategies that make this process as painless as possible. How to Write an APA Research Paper Well break down the writing process into easy steps to help you understand how to write a research paper fast no matter how long it must be. Step 1. Choose a Topic Sometimes college students are assigned with their research paper topics, but if you are fortunate enough to have such an option, choose your topic wisely. First of all, think about choosing a challenging topic you are interested in. Then, you wont be bored when doing the research because you are sure to discover something new and youll enjoy the writing process. Dont select subjects that are too technical or general. If your topic is too broad, your research paper is unlikely to be successful because it will look like a general overview. You should narrow your topic down to a certain aspect, concept or idea and make it specific and manageable. For example, if your topic is Global Warming, you should narrow it to Causes of Global Warming, Impact of Global Warming on Human Health or something like that. Step 2. Write a Working Thesis Statement Prepare a working thesis before you actually organize your research because it will guide your investigation and will help you stay focused on your subject. Your thesis statement should be concise and reflect the type of paper you are writing. All research papers can be divided into 3 categories: argumentative or persuasive if you are arguing the conclusion; expository when you explain information; analytical when you present your analysis of certain information. You have to devote enough of your precious time to creating a good strong thesis statement so that your project has a clear purpose. Your thesis should be debatable and narrow because your claims should be supported by evidence. If your claim is broad, you will need more evidence to convince your readers that you are right. Here is an example of a debatable thesis statement: Climate change is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. Step 3. Do Research on Your Topic You should find enough secondary and primary credible sources on the subject of your paper, carefully read all of them, and find relevant evidence to support your thesis. At this stage, you should evaluate your sources, take notes, and start documenting your sources according to a citation style specified by your instructor (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.) Make sure you use the latest edition of a specific style guide. You will use your notes about references later when writing your paper and building your bibliography. Its crucial to cite all sources that you used for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing to avoid plagiarism. Step 4. Make a Good Outline Your research has given you tons of great ideas. Now you have to organize them for your impressive presentation. Dont skip this vital step because without it, your project will lack focus and you will need more time for revising your draft trying to make sense of your jumbled thoughts. Thats why you need an outline. You have to finalize your thesis and create a working outline that you plan to cover and that will serve you as a roadmap and keep you focused. Think about key points that youll need to develop to support your thesis statement. You can use them as subheadings for the body of your paper. Look through your notes and organize the information under each sub-heading. Make sure you include only relevant information that fits under your sub-headings and directly supports your thesis. You should resist the temptation to include any information that doesnt fit into your outline no matter how interesting it is. When writing an outline, you should keep in mind a typical research paper structure that commonly includes: a title page; an abstract; an introduction; a methodology section; findings/results; discussion; conclusion. But if your research paper is not long, its format may include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In any case, you should follow specific guidelines provided by your instructor. Step 5. Create the First Draft This is the middle of the process. You have a clear direction and its time to create the first draft with a title, in-text citations, and a reference page. The title is very important if you want to make a good impression on your readers because its the first thing that they see. It forms their view on what exactly they should expect in your paper. You should list the keywords that present the topic of your paper, methods you used, and results that you achieved. Now create a sentence that includes all the keywords that you have listed and delete the unnecessary words. After that, you need to link the remaining ones. Finally, you have to delete non-essential info and organize the remaining words in the logical order. You can also include the subtitle. Make sure that your title is concise. Afterwards, you need to write an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. These are the main parts of your paper so let us provide you with some details on how to do it right. How to Write an Introduction for a Research Paper Start writing an intro. The introductory paragraph should begin with an attention grabber that may be: a provocative question; statistics; an anecdote; unusual facts, etc. You are writing an academic paper but that doesnt mean you have to be boring. Next, you need to provide the background information, explain your goals, and how you plan to approach your research paper topic. You should finish your introduction with your thesis statement or research question. This section of your paper is not long so you are sure to finish it fast. How to Write Body Paragraphs Your outline will help you to complete this part of your paper. But you shouldnt think that you must strictly follow it. It may evolve and you are free to revise it and make changes. The key thing is to stay on your track and focus on your thesis. You should provide your points and support your main idea. Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence and provide arguments and relevant evidence to support it. You should write as many body paragraphs as you have the key points. How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper Most research papers end with restarting their thesis statements. You can also do it but you shouldnt repeat it word for word. Paraphrase it or summarize the key points of your paper. You may emphasize the significance of your findings as well. A good idea is to provide some recommendations based on the results of your investigation or suggest some directions for further research. Your rough draft is ready. Wondering what to do next? Go on reading to find some tips on how to revise your research paper. How to Make Your Paper Perfect No one can write their first draft perfectly. So, if you want to make a good impression on your professor and earn a high grade, you should revise your draft to make sure that your project is on point. Be ready that you may need to revise your project more than once because it is really worth doing. Step 6. Revise, Editand Proofread You have to make large-scale changes and check the logic, flow, transitions, make changes in the structure and order of your paragraphs. You should make sure that all your ideas are fully developed and all the claims are supported by credible evidence. You may need to add some section headings. The next stage is editing. You have to check and eliminate filler words and phrases, improve word choice, and correct mistakes in punctuation and grammar if you find any. You should look for: incomplete sentences; dangling modifiers; easily confused words (such as to, too, and two); spelling mistakes; apostrophes for possessives and plurals; quotation rules obeyed; comma use; eliminate contractions. You will need to re-read your paper several times. A good strategy is to read your paper backwards. In this way, you will feel a little disoriented and will be able to catch more mistakes. You should start reading the last sentence, then check the second to the last one and continue doing it until you get to your first sentence. You should ask your friends or family members to review your research paper and express their opinion about it. They should evaluate your argument, transitions, and the balance and look for any inconsistencies with usage, grammar or mechanics. Ask your friends to provide their feedback and make suggested changes if you think they make sense. Finally, you may print your paper and proofread it to eliminate minor mistakes or typos and ensure that your amazing research paper is flawless. Step 7. Rely on Our Academic Custom Writing Service You can use our easy guide to craft winning research papers fast, get better grades, and enjoy your life in college. Alternatively, you can address our specialists to write research paper for you. As a result, youll spend less time but get more pleasure from studying at university.

Anxiety in Individual Sports

Anxiety in Individual Sports Free Online Research Papers Anxiety is a reaction that is measured using various scales through the observation of cognitive and physiological symptoms that become evident in reaction to a stimulus. In relation to sports, anxiety is often associated with an upcoming performance. Anxiety could also be enhanced by the intense competition offered by sports. Anxiety in connection with sports is a good topic for research since could affect a persons athletic performance either positively or negatively (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). Many researchers on different levels have studied the relationship between sports activities and various health benefits. In particular, sports activities are known to have positive effect on psychological aspects of a persons life. In some studies, it has been shown that sports activities could actually improve the psychological disposition of persons with severe illnesses, such as people with spinal cord injury. Sports have been found to result in better mental health profile, especially if combined with various external factors, such as age, occupation, and marital status (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). The relationship between anxiety and sports is very complex, as it involves the specific and unique anxiety responses of each person and the effect of the differing sport types on the relationship. For example, the anxiety responses elicited by individual sports would differ from those elicited by contact sports. Individual and contact sports likewise cause different experiences of anxiety due to the different task demands of the sports (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). This paper shall analyze, mainly through a review of existing literature, the relationship and causal connections between anxiety and sports in general, and individual sports in particular. It is hoped that analysis of existing literature on the matter would yield positive findings and recommendations, particularly in the management of anxiety, betterment of performance, and improvement of psychological balance among people of different age groups. II. Statement of the Problem It is widely accepted that participation in sports activities is equivalent to exercise and physical activities. Therefore, it is relevant and healthy for the physical body of humans. The position that sports activities help in the psychological aspect of a person is also supported by literature on the subject. However, such position is very general. There is a need to narrow down the conclusions regarding the relationship between sports and anxiety. This paper would look into the means by which engagement in sports reduces anxiety in people, as well as the effect of differences in kinds of sports on such beneficial effect on anxiety levels. III. Annotated Bibliography Chambers, S. T. (1991). Factors Affecting Elementary School Students Participation in Sports. The Elementary School Journal 91(5 Special Issue: Sports and Physical Education), 413-419. This article consists of a review of empirical data from research that shows the factors that affect the interest and participation of elementary school children in sports. This article shows, in a simple manner of explaining, how engagement and participation in sports could beneficially affect persons through reduction of anxiety levels. This article cites a study conducted in 1978 by Sapp and Haubenstricker, which concluded that the main reason that elementary school children participate in sports is because they want to have fun. Fun, in turn, has positive effects, such as increasing motivation in children and reducing their anxiety, stress and attrition. Conversely, lack of fun could cause anxiety and stress among such young children. indeed, it was found that children who had the most fun in school sports experienced less anxiety after their games (Chambers, 1991). This article is important in reiterating the importance of having fun in sports, which is a significant factor in reducing human anxiety. Flett, G. L. Hewitt, P. L. (2005). The Perils of Perfectionism in Sports and Exercise. American Psychological Society 14(1), 14-18. The article of Flett and Hewitt (2005) introduces the concept of perfectionism in sports and explains how this construct affects attitudes in sports. The authors explain that perfectionism is a construct that is multidimensional (Flett Hewitt, 2005). Since this construct is supposed to be multidimensional, different authors put forward their own list of constructs that they deem to be important. For example, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale formulated by Hewitt and Flett in 1991 proposes three dimensions of the perfectionism construct, namely, â€Å"self-oriented perfectionism†, â€Å"other-oriented perfectionism†, and â€Å"socially prescribed perfectionism† (Flett Hewitt, 2005). â€Å"Self-oriented perfectionism† refers to a person’s attitude of demanding perfection from himself and striving too hard to attain such absolute perfection. â€Å"Other-oriented perfectionism,† on the other hand, refers to a person’s tendency to demand perfection from people other than himself. Finally, â€Å"socially prescribed perfectionism† refers to one’s perception or belief that society or other people are demanding perfection from him (Flett Hewitt, 2005). Aside from Flett and Hewitt (2005), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Frost et al. in 1990 puts forward six dimensions of perfectionism, namely, â€Å"personal standards, organization (i.e., needing to maintain a sense of order), concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, parental expectations, and parental criticism† (Flett Hewitt, 2005). In their article, Flett and Hewitt (2005) analyzed the effect of perfectionism to people, particularly focusing on deciding whether perfectionism leads to either adaptiveness or maladaptiveness. This goal is aimed through an analysis of research findings on perfectionism and its relationship with exercise and sports (Flett Hewitt, 2005). Flett and Hewitt (2005) are of the opinion that while perfectionism may be important for the attainment of success in some sports, particularly those where â€Å"an error-free performance† is mandatory, perfectionism nevertheless leads to â€Å"self-defeating outcomes and unhealthy patterns of behavior† among athletes. This is the result of the extreme personality of people who strive too hard for perfection in their sports performance (Flett Hewitt, 2005). From the 1990s, there have already been studies that address questions involving the relationship of perfectionism and sports. Frost and Henderson (1991) conducted a study among women in varsity teams that assessed the self-confidence, reactions, and competition anxiety of the participants. This study led to the conclusion that perfectionism causes athletes o be overly concerned about their mistakes, which in turn cause negative and adverse outcomes on sports performance and attitudes. These include â€Å"anxiety, low confidence, a failure orientation, and negative reactions to mistakes during competition† (Flett Hewitt, 2005). Flett and Hewitt (2005) also discussed the study conducted by Hall, Kerr, and Matthews in 1998, which showed the association of perfectionism with anxiety in sports. That study, which involved more than one hundred athletes in high school, yielded the conclusion that perfectionist athletes are very concerned over their mistakes. Such concern thereafter leads to various manifestations of psychological distress, such as depression and anxiety. Perfectionism is also associated with â€Å"pervasive ego orientation†, which causes athletes to doubt their abilities (Flett Hewitt, 2005). Gioia, M. C., Cerasa, A., Di Lucente, L., Brunelli, S., Castellano, V. Traballesi, M. (2006). Psychological impact of sports activity in spinal cord injury. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 16, 412-416. In this article, Gioia, Cerasa, Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano and Traballesi (2006) analyzed the relationship between sports and various psychological profiles, especially among patients with injury in the spinal cord. They focused on this subject population because they are the ones susceptible to drastic life changes as a result of the injury. Members of this population are characterized by psychological problems such as depression and anxiety. The authors therefore sought to discover the role that sports activity could play in improving their psychological conditions (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). The study is triggered by the fact that the literature on sports has well documented the effect of sports on the physical health of the body, while neglecting to provide adequate information on the effect of sports on the psychological aspect of persons. There is also direction for this kind of inquiry, as previous studies (Muraki, et al., 2000) already pointed out how sports activities significantly improve the mental health profiles of people with illnesses or disabilities (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). Thus, the authors conducted a study on 137 people with spinal cord injury and studied their psychological status visvis their sports activities. Using the â€Å"Cognitive Behavioural Assessment (CBA 2.0)†, the psychological status of the participants were evaluated and analyzed. The authors concluded that there is a positive correlation between increased sports activity and improved neurological status. Conversely, they found that patients who had less or no sports activity proved to be more susceptible to anxiety than their counterparts who participated in sports (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). This relationship between anxiety and sports activity is further explained by the graphs below: Table 1. (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). The fact that patients who participated in sports activities registered a healthier mental and psychological status shows the strong association between sports and anxiety levels. The findings in this study are helpful in further studies that concentrate on the use of sports therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with injury or disabilities. The authors likewise point out the important suggestion that rehabilitation institutes and sports organizations need to collaborate and cooperate with each other to achieve better results in the psychological rehabilitation of patients through encouraging increased participation in sports activities (Gioia, Cerasa, Di Lucente, Brunelli, Castellano Traballesi, 2006). Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S. OBrien, M. (2004). Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of sport type and experience. Scandinavian Journal Medicine Science in Sports 14, 326-334. This article describes the different inventory measures used in assessing the level of anxiety in humans. It notes that earlier inventories measure anxiety by looking at â€Å"the ‘intensity’ of the cognitive and perceived physiological symptoms experienced which are purported to signify the presence of anxiety† (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). However, this type of inventory is believed to be inadequate and ineffective because it does not consider other factors, such as variables involving situational context and individual differences, which are considered by new inventories. One such new inventory was suggested by Jones (1995), which uses an analysis of the â€Å"direction of symptoms† as clues to understanding anxiety (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). To determine how the functions of competitive experience and sport type become a factor in the anxiety levels of people, the authors conducted a study using the â€Å"Competitive State Anxiety inventory-2 (Martens et al., 1990a)†. The authors found that â€Å"sport type and competitive experience† directly affect â€Å"competitive trait anxiety.† More specifically, the study supported the theory of Martens et al., (1990a) to the effect that â€Å"participants in contact sports will elicit higher levels of cognitive anxiety intensity due to increased threat arising from personal confrontation† (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). Thus, participants in contact sports, such as rugby, have less self-confidence due to the increased threat of confrontation. This means that players of contact sports often have â€Å"acquired conditioned state anxiety responses† that are related to the sports environment and the anticipated physical contact during the game (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). This article is useful in any study of the relationship between anxiety and sports because it analyzes anxiety in terms of the different types of sports. Thus, contact sports cause more anxiety and less self-confidence in athletes because there is an impending threat of confrontation, which causes the sports activity to be classified as a pressure situation. Thus, contact sports are differentiated from non-contact sports such as golfing and swimming, which cause less competition anxiety (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). From the foregoing findings, it can reasonably be inferred that individual sports cause less competition anxiety since the factors common in contact sports, such as impending threat of confrontation, are not applicable in individual sports. Miles, L. (2007). Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin 32, 314-363. This article lays down the benefits of physical activity, both on the physiology and psychology of a person. For example, physical activity is known to reduce resting blood pressure and increase capacity to carry blood in the coronary arteries. Psychologically, there is proof showing that physical activity has positive effects on anxiety and the improvement of self-esteem and mood. Moreover, physical activity is found to have generally positive effect on a person’s psychological well being. Therefore, this article supports the position that interventions in the form of physical activity could help in feelings of immediate or stable anxiety (Miles, 2007). Sklan, E. H., Lowenthal, A., Korner, M., Ritov, Y., Landers, D. M., Rankinen, T., Bouchard, C., Leon, A. S., Rice, T., Rao, D. C., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Soreq, H. Kornberg, R. D. (2004). Acetylcholinesterase/Paraoxonase Genotype and Expression Predict Anxiety Scores in Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics Study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(15), 5512-5517. This article provides insight into the nature of anxiety as a common psychological or psychiatric disorder. It is described as a â€Å"ubiquitous and unavoidable experience of life, defined as a feeling of fear that is out of proportion to the nature of the threat† (Sklan, et al., 2004). Since anxiety is a common disorder, many studies have been conducted to determine the factors that underlie the condition. This article discusses a study conducted that sought to establish the relationship between enzyme activities and anxiety. The study used the â€Å"Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study† to measure and analyze the states of anxiety in people (Sklan, et al., 2004). The study yielded findings that corresponded with previous studies using the HERITAGE Study. It turns out that anxiety is affected by both genetic and biochemical factors. This information is relevant in any study that seeks to understand and explain how humans become anxious, and more importantly, how such anxiety could be controlled (Sklan, et al., 2004). Wilson, G. S. Raglin, J. S. (1997). Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9-12-year-old track and field athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 7, 253-258. This article explains the relationship of anxiety with sports performance, especially the generally accepted conclusion that anxiety plays a role in athletic performance. This conclusion is especially significant among young athletes, since it is believed that anxiety negatively affects sports performance (Wilson Raglin, 1997). This paper takes the matter further by analyzing the applicability of the theory known as â€Å"individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF)†, through a case study involving track and field athletes. The authors concluded that the IZOF theory is applicable to young athletes, particularly those belonging to the preadolescent stage (Wilson Raglin, 1997). IV. Clinical Implications Anxiety in sports might be a function of perfectionism in athletes. Some of the warning signs of â€Å"perfectionist self-presentation† involve serious signs from exercise and sports. Some people who are perfectionist engage in compulsive and excessive exercise. Since perfectionism in sports is maladaptive and often leads to anxiety and depression, it is suggested that more studies be conducted that focus on athletes need to adequately respond to perfectionism and thereby prevent the maladaptive results of the tendency (Flett Hewitt, 2005). V. Conclusion Literature on the relationship of anxiety and participation in sports is rich with data and conclusions establishing the positive correlation between the two. In particular, there are many studies that focus on children, and how beneficial sports activities are in improving their self-esteem, confidence, mood, and mental health (Ogilvie, 1979; Chambers, 1991). Another important conclusion that emerged from the articles is that the positive effect of sports activity on anxiety levels depends on various factors, such as the kind of sports involved. For example, there must be a distinction made between contact and non-contact sports, since they affect people’s anxiety in different ways. Contact sports generally generate higher anxiety levels because they are pressure situations that cause fear in the athlete due to impending physical confrontation. In contrast, non-contact sports are more relaxed. The kind of pressure involved in contact sports like rugby does not exist in non-contact sports such as golf. Hence, athletes in the latter category have more self-confidence and experience less anxiety than athletes in the former category (Mellalieu, Hanton OBrien, 2004). VI. Future Research Most of the articles discussed above recommend topics for future research. Since there is much information supporting the positive correlation between sports and the management of anxiety, future research could focus on selecting the best intervention strategies that utilize sports as a therapy for people with psychological problems involving anxiety. References Abrahamsen, F. E., Roberts, G. C. Pensgaard, A. M. (2006). An examination of the factorial structure of the Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 16, 358-363. Chambers, S. T. (1991). Factors Affecting Elementary School Students Participation in Sports. The Elementary School Journal 91(5 Special Issue: Sports and Physical Education), 413-419. Flett, G. L. Hewitt, P. L. (2005). The Perils of Perfectionism in Sports and Exercise. American Psychological Society 14(1), 14-18. Gioia, M. C., Cerasa, A., Di Lucente, L., Brunelli, S., Castellano, V. Traballesi, M. (2006). Psychological impact of sports activity in spinal cord injury. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 16, 412-416. Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S. OBrien, M. (2004). Intensity and direction of competitive anxiety as a function of sport type and experience. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 14, 326-334. Miles, L. (2007). Physical activity and health. Nutrition Bulletin 32, 314-363. Ogilvie, B. (1979). The Child Athlete: Psychological Implications of Participation in Sport. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 445(Contemporary Issues in Sport), 47-58. Ommundsen, Y. Pedersen, B. H. (1999). The role of achievement goal orientations and perceived ability upon somatic and cognitive indices of sport competition trait anxiety. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 9, 333-343. Sklan, E. H., Lowenthal, A., Korner, M., Ritov, Y., Landers, D. M., Rankinen, T., Bouchard, C., Leon, A. S., Rice, T., Rao, D. C., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Soreq, H. Kornberg, R. D. (2004). Acetylcholinesterase/Paraoxonase Genotype and Expression Predict Anxiety Scores in Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics Study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(15), 5512-5517. Wilson, G. S. Raglin, J. S. (1997). Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9-12-year-old track and field athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports 7, 253-258. Research Papers on Anxiety in Individual SportsThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringOpen Architechture a white paper

Azuria Medical Problems Essays - Medicine, Health Care, Free Essays

Azuria Medical Problems The state-run medical system has collapsed in Azuria, and only rudimentary care is available through NGOs (when they aren't being shot or kidnapped). Statistically there is supposed to be one doctor for every 4,640 people in Azuria. Diarrhea, communicable and parasitic diseases are rampant in the country. Chloroquine-resistant malaria is present in all parts of the country. Larium should be used for chemical prophylaxis. Cholera, dracunculiasis (Guinea worm), cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, relapsing fever and typhus (endemic flea-borne, epidemic louse-borne and scrub) are prevalent. Azuria is also receptive to dengue fever, as there have been intermittent epidemics in the past. Meningitis is a risk during the dry season in the savanna portion of the country, from December through March. Schistosomiasis may also be found in the country and contracted through contact with contaminated freshwater lakes, streams or ponds. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travelers coming from infected areas. There's also a pesky little problem with Tumbu Fly, a local maggot that burrows into human skin, munching on flesh all the way. The larvae grows big enough to rip out flesh before it turns into a fly. Hospital Resources No non-trauma medical care is being delivered at the hospitals. If the needs of those with chronic or acute medical conditions, such as diabetes, are being met, it is likely to be through the efforts of private physicians working out of their private homes in the community. Hospitals provide casualty care to heavily populated portions of the country. Digfer Hospital in Mogadishu has the capacity for about 650 inpatient beds, with an estimated current inpatient census of 1,000 patients. Benadir Hospital in Djibouti City has approximately the same capacity and current census. Medina Hospital in Mogadishu currently holds approximately 400 patients. Hospital needs in the north are served by a team of five Azuri physicians who set up the "Health Emergency Committee" on April 18, 2005. They work out of 27 converted villas, which have been combined to form what is called Karaan Hospital, where most of the emergency surgery takes place. An additional set of 16 villas in the north constitute a collective inpatient ward, Karaan 2, for patients who are convalescing from acute injury. The total number of patients hospitalized in these 45 villas is approximately 5,000 to 6,000 people. For medicines, the Karaan Hospital relies entirely on weekly supplies brought in by the ICRC. The physical condition of the acute care areas of these hospitals is uniformly austere and, with the exception of the casualty and operating areas of Medina Hospital, where the expatriate staff from Mdecins Sans Frontires-France (MSF) have taken over and renovated the most advanced of the city's surgical units, conditions are unsanitary. As the factional fighting prompted urban fighting and then as the intra-clan conflict broke out, makeshift casualty wards were set up in the existing entryway in the other two hospitals in the south during the course of the past year. During this year, both parties to the conflict have looted and destroyed public and private facilities. They have not spared hospitals. Digfer Hospital was particularly hard-hit and stripped almost bare of equipment, furnishings, and supplies. The ICRC had opened a hospital for the care of acutely injured casualties for the north in early February, but after one week of operations, was forced to close it abruptly in the face of active hostilities. (The hospital is operational again; see below). The surgical care structures on the north are even more minimal, since they were built as private homes. With the exception of the acute casualty and surgical areas of Medina Hospital, none of these hospital structures have screens over the windows to keep out flies and other insects. Electricity is available only to the operating areas on an intermittent, limited basis, from locally maintained diesel fueled generators. Running water is infrequent and unclean. There is no oxygen available in the city and no inhalation anesthesia possible. Surgical drapes are scarce or non-existent, depending on the site or hospital. Sterilizers occasionally work and are used according to varying routines and frequency. Much of the surgical equipment in most of the sites is re-used without interim sterilization over a 24-hour period. Casualty and operating areas are mopped down intermittently, depending on the volume of cases arriving in acute condition. Available antibiotics included penicillin and erythromycin; medicine for the prevention of tetanus was in short supply. Medical support can continue to be provided at its current rudimentary level only if the lifeline provided by the ICRC can be maintained. Medical supplies to both sides of the city and food rations for

Short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Short story - Essay Example Their grief at the loss did not last forever, however. A year later, they were blessed with another daughter, the beautiful Princess Annabelle. Everyone agreed she was the sweetest child they had ever seen. Moreover, as she grew she remained sweet and innocent. Now she was 14 and the loveliest girl in all the land. They also had a son, Prince Benjamin, the Heir Apparent. Ben was a cheeky boy, barely twelve years old. He was tall and well built. As such, he looked older than a child of his age did, but he was playful and impish and always getting himself – and his sister – into trouble. Annabelle, for all her beauty, was naà ¯ve and impressionable and Ben would use that to his advantage. She was constantly getting into trouble because of him. Getting caught in the kitchen with her hand in the cookie jar, being blamed for stopping up all the heralds’ trumpets with feathers, but she didn’t mind. She loved her brother completely and everyone knew his pranks w ere harmless fun. Unfortunately, not everything was harmless and fun in the kingdom. The northern side of the palace faced a humongous, lone mountain. Not so long ago it was merely an inconvenient landform, making passage to the north more difficult than it might have been. But then, rumor has it, an evil witch decided to make the mountain and its many winding caves her home. Travelers began setting out to the lands north of the Kingdom and disappearing. Caravans of tribute began disappearing. The King sent a legion of soldiers to the mountain to oust the Witch, but they were struck down. A few bodies were found, but no one came back alive. This really troubled the king because it was frustrating efforts to ensure that his subjects were safe and had the freedom of movement. At some point, he asked his subordinate to arrange a troupe of the best soldiers who would

Chinese Exclusion Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chinese Exclusion Act - Research Paper Example A closer outlook into the issues that this Chinese Exclusion Act resolved to address point out that it brought about many significant restrictions against free immigration into the United States (Gyory, 2008). This paper will seek to discuss the inbounds of the Chinese Exclusion Act provided therein by the Act. The Act The establishment of the Chinese Exclusion Act saw thousands of both skilled and unskilled laborers of Chinese decency barred from entering the United States for ten good years (Gold, 2012). According to historical analysts, the Act made it clear that if any of the mentioned persons went against this stipulation, he or she stood to face a punishment of either deportation or imprisonment of a term equal to or exceeding ten years (Hune & Nomura, 2003). In deed, this stipulation brought about a consistent weary among the Chinese people where they were unable to go against the Act as it became fully enforceable by the US laws. During this time when the Chinese Exclusion Ac t was in full force, large numbers of Chinese suffered aimlessly mainly because of their decency as they were beaten brutally (Soennichsen, 2011). Additionally, the few who were able to migrate had to undergo a series of requirements, which were very expensive as they involved individuals proving to the government that they were in a position to immigrate (Gold, 2012). Many scholars argued that the enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act was simply a misnomer and did not deserve to be in place under any circumstances. This is so because, the existing laws that witness the Chinese face exclusionary problems came about because of the enactment of the Chinese Exclusion Act (Gyory, 2008). Getting the certification needed by the US government for it to allow a potential Chinese to live in America was hard, tedious, and expensive. The Chinese individuals living during this time suffered a misdemeanor effect simply due to the existence of segregation among people along boundaries that con sisted of race and gender among others. Suggestions show that the enactment of this Act also affected other people including the Asians. In fact, documented evidence maintains that if any Chinese individual left the United States for another country, he or she had to obtain a reentry permit when coming back (Hune & Nomura, 2003). This kind of certification went ahead to afflict the chances Chinese people had when it came to becoming full citizens of the United States. As such, the Chinese and Asians would remain complete aliens whenever residing in the US territorial boundaries (Soennichsen, 2011). Following this preamble, it is seeable that when this Act came into passage, all the Chinese men living in the United States lost any chances of ever reuniting with their families and wives back at home on one end. On the other end, they also unable to establish a family of their own since they were no more but just mere aliens who had few privileges and tones of restrictions (Gold, 2012) . Amendments Although several capitalists opposed the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act on matters related to economic factors, many Chinese people staying in the US faced a huge dilemma; they wondered whether to choose to go back to China and reunite with their families or stay in US forever (Gyory, 2008). In spite of the widespread enmity and dislike for the Chinese, some of the US ruling clergymen did not seem to draw satisfaction from the already set restrictions. They went ahead to

The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books Essay Example for Free

The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books Essay The Advantages of eBooks Versus Traditional Books By Jill Harness While you’re browsing the electronic bookshelves of an online bookstore, you may be tempted to buying a lower-priced eBook over a physical copy. Before you buy either version though, it’s important to realize that there are definite advantages and disadvantages of each, you should always evaluate your own needs before deciding. The following are some of the advantages of eBooks over physical titles: Travel.  If you’re on the go a lot, you know how heavy regular titles are, particularly if you intend to finish one book while you are out and need to bring another book with you. eBooks allow you to bring a whole library with you wherever you go. You can switch between titles with ease and the weight is lighter than a standard paperback. Storage. Those who own a lot of books know how much space they can take up, but with a reader, your bookshelf is located on a small handheld device, your computer or on both. This will save you a lot of storage space and also means you have a backup online if something happens to your books. Price. eBooks are often cheaper in the long run because there are no printing fees associated with them. In fact, you can often find free eBooks online, whereas physical books almost always cost you something. You must remember however, that readers are not free, you are going to spend a good amount upfront for a device like this. Speed. When you buy an eBook, your reward is instantaneous. Whereas if you order a book online you have to wait for it to arrive before the fun begins. Font adjustments. With an eBook, you can instantly change the darkness of the lettering or the size of your font. When your eyes feel strained after reading a paper book too long, you have little choice but to stop reading. With an eBook, you can just change the font size and keep going. This is also a great feature for those who need large print books. Night reading. If you read in bed, an eBook may be a good option as many readers come with built-in reading lights. These are easy to use and won’t get in the way like the lights attached to actual books do. Advantages of physical books over electronic titles: Resale value. Like music downloads, you’ll never actually be able to resell electronic books. If you are into collectable books, this is a particularly big problem and you should only use physical titles. Reading ease. This one is only really a benefit for those that would otherwise read eBooks on their computers or phones. If you buy a commercial eReader, it will probably use ink technology that will not hurt your eyes with backlight. Never the less, you don’t need to worry about this problem with a physical book. No devices needed. If you find yourself in a small town without your cell phone or computer, you won’t be able to download a new title for your eBook, but you can always stop by a local bookstore and pick up a new paperback. No batteries. While most readers have a good battery life, there will still be times where you forget to charge it and then can’t read at all. You’ll never have this problem with a standard book. No warranties needed. If your eReader breaks, you will have nothing to read until you receive a new one. Some devices let you read the titles you have saved on your computer, but it’s just something you’ll never have to worry about with a physical book. Best of all, if a book does get damaged to where you cant read it, you can just go to the bookstore and buy another copy, rather than worrying if it is still covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. Tradition. Let’s face it; you’re never going to get that comforting smell of paper or the weight of a good book in your hands when you read an eBook. And while you can flip ahead in an eBook, you can’t do so in a matter of seconds and flip right back to your page. As you can see, both types of books have many advantages; the decision is ultimately up to you. Some people find technology more convenient, while others find the weight and smell of books to be comforting. Whatever you decide, many of our top online bookstore sites, particularly Amazon. com and Borders, offer electronic downloads along with physical books, so you can be certain that all of your favorite titles will still be available.

Essay --

There is a beautiful marriage between technique and meaning in poetry. If one can fully probe the configuration of poetry; one will see this marriage. Their mind will be seduced by the words, their heart ensnares by its gist, and finally by way of the poem literary devices can be captured involuntarily. A great model of the essence of this relationship is the classic poem â€Å"Harlem† by Langston Hughes. In this poem, the author approaches the universal despair of dreams being deferred and underlines the fallouts of it. His precise techniques that influence this poem help it emerge into a metaphorical warning statement about dreams becoming disregarded in life. The author’s specific uses of similes and metaphors allows for interpretation by his readers regarding the main idea behind his poem, and in this essay I will examine how these literary techniques help to ameliorate the author’s meaning. The use of similes in â€Å"Harlem† creates a serious mood and emphasizes the theme. In the beginning of the poem the author asks a question about what will happen to a dream when deferred. The simile...

Looking for Alibrandi Essay

A world-wide hit in the late 1990s, Author Melina Marchetta wrote a manuscript about a teenage girl searching for herself and the way she is to live. Her name is Josephine Alibrandi who is a 17 year old Italian Australian or ‘wog’ as some know it, in the novel and film of ‘Looking for Alibrandi’. Much of the discussion of Alibrandi has centred around this portrayal of the multi-cultural society of Australia, although remarkably, the novel has managed to largely avoid the negative and superficial â€Å"issues† pigeon-holing so much realist fiction for young adults is victim to. There is no question that Marchetta’s own experiences as an Italian-Australian have informed her story. Nor is there any doubt that in Josephine Alibrandi she has created a fresh non-Anglo-Australian voice of great power and integrity. Nevertheless, Marchetta does find that the focus on the Italian heritage of her protagonist (and herself) can be both distracting and limiting; it was not, she says, her first impulse in telling Josephine Alibrandi’s story; Another legacy of the shared Italian-Australian heritage of both author and protagonist is the common assumption that the book must be autobiographical. The reading of her novel is in some ways complimentary, being as it is an indication of the kind of response readers have to Josephine, and to the lively and truthful tone of the novel; Marchetta has captured her characters, their situation and the inner city suburbs of Sydney acutely and precisely. The ambivalence Marchetta feels towards Josephine is revealed through the characters of Sister Louise, her headmistress, and her boyfriend Jacob, neither of whom hesitate to point out to Josephine when she is being selfish, over-dramatic, or plain stupid. A quite shocking example of this is in the scene where Jacob rescues Josephine from a violent mob of teenage boys in a McDonalds car park, and then abuses her for her stupidity in spitting on and further antagonising the ring-leader. It is an indication of the exasperation that Josephine provokes in those who care about her, and Marchetta agrees with Jacob that Josephine’s dramatic and impulsive behaviour too frequently land her in avoidable unpleasantness. To be fair, Josephine can be fairly hard on herself, and her ability at and willingness for self-scrutiny develops as she matures. It is testament to Marchetta’s care in balancing the complexities of Josephine’s character that the reader can witness her tantrums and drama-queen turns, her often thoughtless and selfish actions, and yet know that this is an essential part of her emancipation, and that it does not detract from her vitality, compassion and intelligence. Young Australian readers will find the setting of the novel very realistic and familiar. They will identify with the portrayal of Australian high school life, attending a debating meeting, the description of suburban Sydney and catching the ferry to Circular Quay, the fact of being part of a dysfunctional family ? all these details of the setting are realistic and will be instantly recognisable. Many teenagers of foreign parentage will relate to Josie’s rebellion against her Italian side and to all the references to the Italian culture.

How have certain modern conflicts been described as ‘New Wars?’ Essay

Whilst ‘old’ wars have sometimes been referred to as ‘interstate industrial warfare’ which involve wars between states being fought by armed forces in uniform, with decisive encounters being decided on one battlefield, ‘new’ wars have been described by Mary Kaldor as ‘intra-state’ wars. In the last 20 years we have seen a paradigm shift; from armies with comparable forces doing battle on a field to strategic confrontation between a range of combatants using different types of weapons .These so-called ‘new’ wars which involve the use of civilians as both targets and objectives to be won, have been said to have been led by globalisation, due to the fact that the integration created has led to â€Å"fragmentation,† as seen in the Yugoslav wars with these wars being wars on identity. An identity war is a conflict in which the quest for cultural regeneration, expressed through the demand that a people’s collective identity is publicly and politically recognised, is a primary motivation for conflict. These ‘new’ wars have constructed new sectarian identities (religious, ethical or tribal) that undermine the sense of a shared political community. They recreate the sense of political community along the new lines through purpose of fear and hate. These ‘intra-state’ identity conflicts have been prominent in many recent conflicts, with the Iraq war and The Arab Spring seeing the recurrence of tensions between the Shia and Shiite Muslims. Furthermore, conflicts in the Congo, Rwanda and Sudan were also fought on the lines of ethnicity, with ethnicity also being a real cause in the Yugoslav wars with Slavic Christians being pitted against Bosnian Muslims. Furthermore, ‘new’ wars have differing characteristics to ‘old’ wars. As mentioned earlier, ‘old’ wars traditionally saw conventional armies fighting against each other, however with ‘new’ wars, we have seen a blurring between civilians and soldiers. This can be seen through the feminization of war, which has been seen in conflicts such as Rwanda, and the use of child soldiers in conflicts throughout Africa including Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Congo. This change has meant that women and children have become the main targets and victims of war and armed conflict in today’s conflicts. It estimated that 75% of all African wars are fought by children, and whilst rape has traditionally been a by-product of war for many centuries, it is now thought that War Rape is genuine military tactic. War Rape has been seen primarily in Rwanda where it is thought that 1 million women were raped and in the Yugoslavian Wars where ‘Rape Camps’ were set up. As one UN peacekeeper working in Africa put it, â€Å"It has probably become more dangerous to be a woman than a soldier in an armed conflict.† ‘New’ conflicts have also seen new tactics come in to play aside from ‘War Rape.’ Often’ ‘new’ conflicts have seen the occurrence of ‘Asymmetrical’ wars. Asymmetric warfare exists when two combatants are so different in their characters, and in their areas of comparative advantage, that a confrontation between them comes to turn one side’s ability to force the other side to fight on their own terms. Tactics used in these conflicts are often Guerrilla warfare and low-intensity hit and run conflict. An obvious example of this is seen in the conflict in Afghanistan through the use of IEDS and roadside bombs. Essentially such strategies used in the ‘war of the flea’ involve inflicting pain over time without suffering unbearable retaliation in return. Lastly, ‘new’ conflicts differ from ‘old’ conflicts through their funding. Whilst ‘old’ conflicts were funded through the state, as seen in the WW2 and the entrance into ‘total war’, ‘new’ wars are characterised by funding through the criminality of war. This illegal funding has been seen in Sierra Leone, where funding was acquired through the selling of blood diamonds, in Afghanistan where the Taliban are funded through the selling of opium, and finally in the Bosnian war, where counterfeit cigarettes funded Para-military groups involved in ethnic cleansing. To conclude, recent modern conflicts have been classified as ‘new’ conflicts as they differ through their legitimacy, funding and tactics.

Be Sure to Check Your Sources

Be Sure to Check Your Sources Be Sure to Check Your Sources Be Sure to Check Your Sources By Maeve Maddox A reader recently wanted to know if I could corroborate my reflections on certain idioms (Lying in State: Changing Perceptions Change Language). Considering the half-digested information and deliberate hoaxes that abound on the web, the question was a valid one. I know just what kind of thing has made that reader suspicious. A year or so ago, a colleague of mineaware of my areas of expertisesent me an email shed received, wanting to know if the facts presented in it were true. The text purported to explain the origin of various common expressions by linking them to supposed medieval activities. Some of the explanations sounded plausible, but had nothing to do with historical fact. As far as I know, the spurious email is still out there in cyberspace, spreading misinformation. The articles I write for Daily Writing Tips are not made up out of whole cloth. Some of what I write is a matter of opinion and when it is, I say so. Whenever I offer information about grammar or diction, I consult standard works on the subject. When Daniel launched DWT earlier this summer, I wrote my first articles more or less blindly, with little notion of whom I was writing for. Thanks to readers comments, I now know that the site is attracting a wonderful cross-section of English speakers and writers who have questions and insights relating to every aspect of the language. Knowing that my articles are being read gives me great pleasure, but it also keeps me on my toes. I dont want to be guilty of circulating faulty information if I can help it. So far Ive been relying on my considerable experience as a student and teacher of English. Sometimes Ill throw in a literary example from memory, but if I have any doubts about the instructional content of an article, I check with acknowledged printed authorities. Here are the desk references I reach for first: The Oxford English Dictionary (unabridged) Websters New Collegiate Dictionary Modern English Usage by H.W. Fowler English Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones A History of the English Language by A. C. Baugh Higher English by F. J. Rahtz A Dictionary of Modern American Usage by H. W. Horwill Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin by Otto Jespersen When I need more specialized information, I go to my nearby university library. TIP: Whether youre gathering information for your latest writing project, or asking questions to improve your craft, it never hurts to double- and triple-check your sources. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcTry to vs. Try andConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Project Management - Essay Example A formal project technique ought to outline the roles of each team member all through the project time. In project management, software is becoming increasingly important in order to assess the implementation and final success of a project. This paper will discuss how project management techniques can be used to improve the completion of projects, the role of start, finish times with respect to project completion time, and explain the role of software in project management. Project management techniques can help to improve the completion of the projects in that they can used to determine where change is needed and to help in integrating such changes into the project plans. Project management techniques help to evaluate all facets of administrative, technical, social and operational modifications based on the project prerequisites, in order to successful complete the project (Wysocki 324). Besides helping to identify such changes, the techniques help toprioritize the urgency and order of their implementation to maximize the project completion. Project analysis techniques are applied to recognize the essential and non-essential tasks and activities pertaining to a project thus increasing the chances of project completion by reducing unnecessary non-essential activities that could hamper the completion of the project on time (Wysocki 455). The analyses help to outline the most effective and efficient approach to implement the project. The project start and finish times are very critical since they help to plan and project costs and ensure successful completion of a project. Start and finish time characterize the duration each undertaking in the project requires in order to be accomplished. The time is dependent on the size and input required to accomplish various project activities. The project time, determined by the difference between the start and finish time, gives an outline to transform the inputs into outputs.

How is meaning cunstructed in images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How is meaning cunstructed in images - Essay Example and stabilizing the interpretations of specific images, about 35 years ago, Roland Barthes wrote about it and said that all images imply, underlay their floating chain of signifiers and the reader is able to select some of them and ignore the remaining that is they are polysemous. Dysfunction raises a question of polysemy. To fix the floating chain of signified different techniques are applied so that fear of uncertain signs can be encountered and minimized, these techniques mainly involve linguistic or verbal messages (Marchese, 1995). Institutional apparatus that chooses and provides text and images to the common public includes captions, labels, placards, guidebooks, brochures and fliers and they all come in linguistic messages. Curators, teachers and editors use these tools. Institutions and practices that strengthen the use of images as well as their interpretations also use the same tools as their major part. It means that image in a textbook seems to illustrate and support the meanings of the information written in the text of that textbook. When we see an image in an advertisement, the first thing which comes in our mind is that it is there to be helpful in selling the product by looking at someone enjoying possession and consumption of that particular product. Therefore we have some special standards of text and images and their correlation of explanation by text and illustration by images (Marchese, 1995). For the same reason, discussions are based on the images in textbooks and advertising, by the observers of the semiotics of images. To advertise any image is problem creating and elusive, Barthes says in "Rhetoric of the image†. Stable platform of advertisements and textbooks were used by Gà ¼nter Kress and Theo van Leeway to build their visual semiotics and it is a complete and valid way to proceed except some standard cases which put down the signifying potential will be ignored. Conceptualist artists have worked a lot to turn the standard canons